Transcript Introduction to Carbon Chemistry

Introduction to Carbon
Chemistry
Honors Physical Science
Ms. Mandel
D13
Explain how the structure of
the carbon atom affects the
types of bonds it forms in
organic and inorganic
molecules.
Learning Targets
I
can explain why carbon can form
many different compounds.
 I can differentiate between the
different types of hydrocarbons.
 I can differentiate between the
different carbon backbones.
CARBON
Why can Carbon form so many
different bonds?
4
valence e Relatively small size
en.petitchef.com
crystalmaker.com
What types of bonds can
Carbon form?
Single covalent bonds
Double covalent bonds
Triple covalent bonds
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_With_a_Biological_Emphasis/Chapter__1%3A_Chapter_1%3A_Introduction
_to_organic_structure_and_bonding_I/Section_4%3A_Functional_groups_and_organic_nomenclature
What is special about the
properties of Carbon?
 Can
form long chains of atoms
 Can form an almost infinite variety of
compounds
 The “backbone” of almost every
molecule that living organisms make
or use
dwb4.unl.edu
Identify 3 molecules containing
carbon that living organisms make or
use
 DNA
– Genetic traits
 Makes
you you
 Proteins
– Enzymes
– Components of muscles, skin, and other
organs
 Carbohydrates
– Starches
– Sugars
Learning Target Checkpoint
 Why
can carbon form many different
compounds?
INORGANIC VS. ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Inorganic Chemistry
 The
study of compounds that do not
contain carbon
 There are exceptions
– CO2
– Diamonds (pure C)
Inorganic compounds
 Includes
salts, metals, substances
made from single elements and any
other compounds that don't contain
carbon bonded to hydrogen.
Organic Chemistry
 The
study of carbon-containing
compounds
 Almost all contain C – H bonds
 Found in living things
– DNA
– Sugar (plants)
 There
are exceptions
– Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Organic Compounds



CAS Substance
Database has
almost 24 million
organic
compounds
CAS REGISTRYSM, is the
only integrated, comprehensive source
of chemical information from a full
range of disclosed material including
patents, journals, and reputable web
sources.
When you need to positively identify a
chemical substance, you can rely on
the authoritative source for chemical
names and structures of CAS
REGISTRY.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
 Organic
compounds that consist of
only C and H atoms
 Nonpolar
 Poor conductors of electricity
 Don’t dissolve in water – Why?
 Typically found deep beneath the
Earth
 Fossil fuels
Hydrocarbons
 Alkanes
 Alkenes
 Alkynes
Alkanes
 All
the Carbon to Carbon (C to C)
bonds are single bonds
 Basic molecular formula is CnH2n+2
 Cycloalkanes (ring-shaped) have the
formula CnH2n
Methane
CH4
Pentane C5H12
Nonane C9H20
Ethane
C2H6
Hexane C6H14
Decane
Propane
C3H8
Heptane C7H16
Butane
C4H10 Octane
C8H18
C10H22
How would you draw ethane?
How would you name C6H14?
Hexane
How would you name the structure
below?
Octane
Alkenes
 One
or more carbon-carbon double
bonds
 General formula CnH2n
How would you draw butene?
How would you name C2H4?
Ethene
How would you name the structure
below?
Propene
Alkynes
 At
least one triple bond between two
carbon atoms
 Having the formula CnH2n-2
http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/chemintro/ch/ch16a.html
How would you draw 2-butyne?
How would you name C8H14?
Octyne
How would you name the structure
below?
Ethyne
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
Saturated Hydrocarbons
 Composed
entirely of single bonds
and are saturated with hydrogen
 Alkanes
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
 Have
one or more double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms.
 Alkenes
 Alkynes
Learning Target Checkpoint
 How
do you differentiate between
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and
cycloalkanes?
 How do you differentiate between
saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons?
Carbon Backbones
 Carbon
atoms can form long
“backbones” of large molecules.
Carbon Backbones
 Straight
Chain
 Branched
Chain
Rings or Cyclic
Cross-linked Chains
 Carbon
chains linked together
http://www.csun.edu/science/standards/science/physical-sci-8/files/3.5.2-polymers.pdf
Learning Target Checkpoint
 How
can you differentiate between
the different carbon backbones?
Isomers
 Have
the same chemical formula but
differ in the way the atoms are
arranged.
C4H10