Transcript Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age

CHAPTER 25 NOTES
AP US History
Mrs. Marshall
Until 1890 most were from western
and northern Europe with exception
of Irish and Chinese. WASP (White,
Anglo-Saxon, Protestants) came as
families. Most had skills.
 1890’s to WWI they were from
southern and eastern Europe. Most
were unskilled.
 Most were not Protestants, many were
single males
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Many moved from farms to cities due
to availability of industrial jobs.
Reasons immigrants came to America:
 Escape religious persecution
 Escape overcrowded conditions in
Europe
 Looking to improve economic status
 Looking for greater freedom
ELLIS ISLAND
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New York Harbor
ANGEL ISLAND
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San Francisco
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Immigrants who did not intend to
stay in the US. Came to work for a
short time and return to Europe
Ways “new immigrants” tried to
preserve culture:
 Established parochial schools
 Foreign newspapers
 Established food stores, social
clubs
 Tended to settle in clusters
America became a “melting pot”
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End of 19th century 4 of every 10 Americans
lived in cities:
Reasons that sent people to cities:
 Farm workers lost their jobs to new farm
equipment
 Small farmers could not afford to buy new
equipment /could not compete with large
commercial farms
 Farmers lost land during Panic of 1873
 African American’s escaping Jim Crow
 Immigrants looking for better life
 Excitement of city life
Problems faced by city dwellers:
 Shortage of housing
 Transportation problems
 Increase in crime
 Clean/safe water
 Sanitation (garbage and waste)
 Shortage of jobs
Solution to housing shortage:
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“dumbbell” tenements
row houses
Transportation systems designed
to move large numbers of people
along a fixed route.
 Electric streetcars-Richmond, Va.
1888
 Allowed middle class and wealthy
of move farther from cities.
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Term 1st used in 1880’s (10 to 20
story buildings)
 Made possible by steel structure,
elevators, central heat and electric
plumbing pumps
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Marshall Field-built largest
department store in the world
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1872 Aaron
Montgomery
Ward- created a
catalog to
advertise goods.
1896 Richard W.
Sears- Sears,
Roebuck & Co.
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Political Machines-Ward BossesWilliam Marcy Tweed. Immigrants
were a primary target.
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A reform group that worked to
improve life in the cities. They
preached people reached salvation
by helping the poor.
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Community center providing
assistance to residents, especially
immigrants, of slum neighborhoods.
Helped immigrants make the transition
to their new lives.
Hull House- Jane Addams- 1889 in
Chicago
Henry Street Settlement- Lillian Wald1893-New York
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An advocate for
improving the lives
of women and
children. Became
general secretary of
national
Consumers League
where she lobbied
to improve factory
conditions.
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Nativism- the favoring of the interest of
native-born people over the interest of
immigrants.
American Protective Association was
an anti-catholic, anti-immigrant group
who acquired a membership of more
than 2 million during the 1890’s.
Wanted restrictions on immigration.
1882- 1st restrictive law passed.
Paupers, criminals and convicts all were
deported.
 1885- Congress passed more legislation
which prohibited the importation of
foreign workers under contract.
 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act – banned all
but a few Chinese immigrants into the
US –only allowed merchants, tourists,
students, teachers. Not lifted until 1943.
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The Roman Catholic Church responded
most favorably to the New Immigrants
 Late 19th century orthodox Protestant
churches were being challenged by:
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 Theories of Charles Darwin
 Mounting emphasis on materialism
 Social doctrines of Catholicism and Judaism
Darwin’s theory of evolution cast
serious doubt on a literal
interpretation of the Bible.
 Religious moderates found ways to
reconcile Christianity and
Darwinism
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1865-1895 -- 31 states passed laws
requiring children ages 8-14 to attend
school 3 months of each year.
By 1900, almost ¾’s of American
children between those ages attended
school.
Growth of public education affected
mainly white communities.
Immigrants attended schools in large
numbers.
At turn of century about 2% of
Americans attended college
 People attending college were from
middle class or wealthy families
and were primarily white males.
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A self improvement movement
founded in 1874. Offered
challenging, informational and
inspirational stimulation to rural
and small-town America.
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Founded
Tuskegee Normal
and Industrial
Institute. He
believed that
racism would end
when blacks
acquired useful
labor skills and
were valuable to
society.
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Internationally
famous
agricultural
chemist who
provided a much
needed boost to
the southern
economy by
discovering new
uses for old
produces.
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Black educator.
Founded the
Niagara Movement
which insisted that
blacks should seek
a liberal arts
education. He
demanded
complete equality
for African
Americans.
Morrill Act (1862 and 1890 gave
federal land to states to help
finance agricultural colleges
 Hatch Act (1887) extended the
Morrill Act, established agricultural
experiment stations to inform
farmers of developments
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Challenged by Darwinism
Industrialization brought about
demands for practical course and
vocational changes
 Emphasis on preparing students
for professions
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Newspapers and magazines
became source of entertainment.
 Joseph Pulitzer - New York WorldSunday edition (comics, sports
coverage, women’s news)
 William Randolph Hearst -San
Francisco Examiner and New York
Morning Journal (published
exaggerated and made-up stories)
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1900 art galleries were in largest cities.
As literacy rate rose people read more.
 Lewis Wallace
 Horatio Alger
 Walt Whitman
 Mark Twain
 Stephen Crane
A
federal statue intended to
advance the cause of sexual purity
Ways “new morality” were reflected:
 Soaring divorce rates
 Spreading practice of birth control
 Frank discussion of sexual topics
 Critiques of women’s roles as
mothers
Impact new urban environment had
on families:
 Divorce rate rose
 Fathers, mothers and children
worked
 Decrease in birth rate
 Marriages were delayed
National American Woman
Suffrage Association (1890)
 Carrie Chapman Catt
 National Association of Colored
Women (1896)
 Ida B. Wells
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Movie: Iron Jawed Angels
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Prohibition came
about with the
18th amendment
in 1919. Made it
illegal to make,
sale or transport
alcoholic
beverages in US
Music gained
popularity
 Metropolitan
Opera HouseNew York 1883
 Phonograph was
found in many
homes
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Richardson Ian
Architecture
 Henry Hobson
Richardson
 Revival style and
was characterized
by massive stone
walls and dramatic
semicircular
arches.
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Trinity Church in Boston – One of
Henry Hobson Richardson’s most
famous works
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Amusement parks
Bicycling
Spectator sports-boxing, football and
baseball
Basketball invented in 1891
Vaudeville Theater
Circus-1871- “the Greatest Show on
Earth”
 Barnum and Bailey circus