Chapter 25

America Moves to the City

What Is Life Like: Good Side

       1870 – 1900 Population doubled and in Cities it tripled Sky Scrapers (Lois Sullivan-Form follows function) were being built (1 st in Chicago 1885) 10 stories Electric Trolleys 1 st Subway by 1900 in Boston Women could make more money Electricity, Indoor Plumbing, Telephones Departments Stores like: – Macey’s (New York – Marshall Fields (Chicago)

 Brooklyn Bridge – 1883 (13yrs to build)

Bad Side of City Life

         Lots of trash Brought about Consumerism Criminals were every where Impure Water Animal Poop was dropped everywhere Uncollected garbage NO Sewage system (thrown out on the street) Unwashed bodies Worst of all were the SLUMS (1879 Dumbbell tenement)

    7-8 Stories High Air shafts prov. Little clean air 1 toilet per floor Many people try to work there way up & out of them

"The Great Fire at Chicago“ 1871

 What is arguably the most famous disaster in American history began around 9 p.m. on Sunday evening, October 8, and did not end until early Tuesday morning. Although the fire originated on the Near West Side, it soon leaped across the South and then the main branch of the river, driven by a strong wind from the southwest. The overmatched and exhausted fire department, which had finally put out a major blaze only hours before, was helpless to stop it. All local residents could do was grab a few precious possessions and flee for their lives. By the time the fire burned itself out, the downtown and most of the North Side lay in ashes.

   90,000 homeless 15,000 buildings destroyed Cities were DANGER OUS

New Immigrants

 Back in the 1850’s most came from British Isles & Western Europe (knowledge of Rep Gov), very literate  New Immigrants were from = Baltic & Slavic, Jews, Italians   Southeastern Europe, not educated, un democratic By 1900’s these immigrants made up 60%

Hmmmmm . . . . .

Does this sound like a Melting pot or A Dumping ground?

http://peopleus.blogspot.com/2012/08/gateway-to-american-dream.html

Why America?

       No room in Europe No Employment Some were Persecuted aka the Jews They thought America had plenty of food (3 meals a day) Really Americans lied to get cheap labor & more money Many new immigrants stayed for a short time then went back home after making money Most children of immigrants plunged into American life

Reactions to the Immigrants:

 Jane Adams = Hull House 1889 (Taught children & Adults) English, Counseling, Child Care, Cultural Activities – Won Nobel peace price 1931  Preachers Walter Rauschenbusch & Washington Gladden = Social gospel – Churches should step up & help (Christian Socialists)  Federal Govt. did little to help – Boss Tweed Scandal?

 Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement =New York 1893, like Hull House  Florence Kelly = fought for women workers and against child labor

Florence Kelly

Jane Addams Hull House

Nativists

   Old Immigrants from the 1840’s and 1820’s ?

Did not want mixing of blood (ruin the Anglo Saxon Race) New Immigrants were hated simply put: – – – – – – Work for low wages Dangerous doctrines like socialism and communism APA – American Protective Association (Anti-Foreign Organizations) Anti Catholic – Nuns So 1882 Congress decides to ban all: paupers, criminals, & convicts from coming here 1917 Literacy tests were passed for immigrants 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

Ironic that in 1886 we get her from France . . .

Engraved on the Statue of Liberty

Give me your tired, your poor Your Huddled masses yearning to breathe free The Wretched refuse of your teeming shore

Satan Winning the Battle

 YMCA and YWCA also was created  Salvation Army was born trying to help the poor  By 1890 over 150 Religions to choose from  Churches were not doing their job (poverty)  Dwight Lyman Moody = kindness & forgiveness – Founded Moody Bible Institute Chicago 1890 – Mary Eddy Baker = Preached a form of Christianity that could heal sick people

Lust for Learning: Education

 1859= Charles Darwin “Origin of Species”  Modernists jumped on this bandwagon and refuse to believe the Bible was factual (just some moral stories)  Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll denounced creationism  Many people combined the new and old religions to form their own

 Education = taxpayers start paying for textbooks  1900 = 6,000 high schools  Catholic schools are becoming popular  Chautauqua movement 1874 = help educate through public lectures and famous writers, at home studies  Some school compulsory laws enacted by 1870  Education = way out of poverty

Booker T Washington

• Ex Slave •Founded the Tuskegee Industrial School for Black Americans •Believed for blacks education was the 1 st step before gaining more rights •George Washington Carver = one of his students famous chemist (peanuts, soybeans, sweet potatoes) Shampoo

Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech

To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land, or who underestimate the importance of preservating friendly relations with the southern white man who is their next door neighbor, I would say: “Cast down your bucket where you are.” Cast it down, making friends in every manly way of the people of all races, by whom you are surrounded.

W. E. B. Du Bois

•1 st Black to get a PHD from Harvard •Demanded complete equality •Rejected BTW ideas •Founded the NAACP in 1910

Colleges for Everyone . . . . Morril Act 1862 Gave Public Lands for Education

    Women – Vassar in NY Both Genders – Mainly in the Midwest Black colleges – Howard University in D.C. – – Atlanta University Hampton Institute in VA John Hopkins- Baltimore – 1st high-grade grad. school    Morrill Act of 1862 – Grants of public lands to states for education Hatch Act of 1887 – Fed. Funds for ag. at land grant colleges Private donation colleges: – Cornel University- Ezra Cornell and Andrew White – – Stanford University- Leland Stanford Jr.

University of Chicago: Rockefeller

Moves in Medicine and Science

 Medical Schools and Science prosper  Antiseptics: – Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister (Listerine Mouth Wash)  Development of Psychology – William James * Pragmatism – Truth should be tested by its practical consq.

William James

Libraries

 Library of Congress – Opens in 1800 – 13 acres of floor space  Andrew Carnegie – Donates $60 million to public libraries

Journalism

   Linotype 1885 – – Press keeps pace with demand Sparked yellow journalism Journalistic tycoons Sex & Scandals – Joseph Pulitzer –  New York World William Randoph Herst   San Francisco Examiner Henry George – Progress & Poverty

New Morality

 Victoria Woodhull – 1871 Free Love  Printed Propaganda (Henry Ward Beecher had an affair)  Women headed to: Dance halls, clubs,Bith Control  Anthony Comstock fought a/g the New Morality = Comstock Law – made it illegal to send lewd or sexual pictures through the mail Confiscated – – Obscene Pics, abortion pills, Soaring Divorce Rates, Frank Discussions on Sex

Women

 NAWSA – 1890 National American Woman Suffrage Association – Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony – Main arg. For getting the vote was: Women needed this in order to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers & moms in the public world & city (NOT b/c men & women were equal) * WCTU 1874 (Women Chrisian Temperance Union

Writers

     Stephen Crane – Maggie: Girl of the Street (Hooker) Henry James – Daisy Miller and Portrait of a Lady Jack London – The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The Iron Heel Frank Norris – The Octopus Paul Laurence Dunbar Jack London

Post War Writing: Realism

     General Lewis Wallace – – Ben Hur Combat beliefs of Darwinism Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson – Famed hermit poet Kate Chopin – The Awakening Mark Twain – Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain

Entertainment

• Circus (Barnum & Bailey) • Wild West Shows •

Base ball invented before the Civil War emerges as Americas Past Time by 1900

• Basketball invented 1891 • Football 1889 • Now respected was Boxing • 2 Fades: Croquet & Bicycle