Transcript Robotic Surgery - Steve Delahunty

Robotic Surgery
Niraj Bhalakia
CS30 Section 11
George Washington University
Table of Contents
Introduction
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General
Brief History
Advantages
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Minimally invasive
For the surgeon
Cost efficiency
Types of Robotic Systems
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AESOP Robotic System
da Vinci Surgical System
ZEUS Robotic Surgical System
Introduction
Robotic surgery is basically the use of robotic
arms or tools during operation
Human interaction is still necessary for robotic
operations

We do not have actual autonomous robots that
function like actual surgeons…yet
Current surgical robots are controlled by voice,
remote, or joystick controls
The use of robotic arms allows for accuracy and
precision that is unmatched by a surgeon’s
hands
Brief History
The earliest robotics in surgery were used for
treatment of brain tumors
April 1985 – trials of neurosurgery using a
Unimate Puma 200 robot arm

This robot was only used to hold a fixture at the
correct position so surgeon could do procedure
April 1991 – first true robotic operation
performed where robot was actually used to
insert a cutting device into the patient and
remove tissues
Advantages
Minimally Invasive
Robotic surgery does not require as much
incisions or cuts as does conventional surgery

Example:
Conventional bypass surgery requires a 1 foot long incision
along the patient’s chest.
Robotic surgery needs 3 or 4 incisions, each only about 1 cm
in diameter.
Smaller incisions  less pain and bleeding for
the patient  faster recovery and less cosmetic
distortions
For the Surgeon
Robotic surgery is much faster than conventional
surgery

Decreases the fatigue that surgeons would
experience during conventional surgery that would
last for several hours
“Increases” the margin for error
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Even the steadiest hands experience some tremor
Some of the approved systems have been
programmed to compensate for tremor so robotic arm
stays steady
Cost Efficiency
Robotic surgery allows for fewer personnel in the
operating room
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Most operations today need about a dozen people in the
operating room: 2 or 3 surgeons, an anesthesiologist, and
several nurses
Robotic surgeons only need one surgeon, an anesthesiologist,
and 1 or 2 nurses due to the fact that this surgery will be
minimally invasive and their will be less equipment needed as
mechanical arms will do most of the work
With advancing technology and increasing accuracy,
surgeon will get farther and farther from patient, and
invasiveness of the procedures will get less and less
Types of Robotic Systems
General Layout of Robotic Operation
Endowrist technology –
movement of
surgeons wrist is
mimicked by the
mechanical arm
AESOP Robotic System
AESOP – Automated
Endoscopic System for
Optimal Positioning
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Basically, one robotic arm,
which holds the endoscope
Foot-pedals or voice
activated software allow
the physician to control
endoscope, leaving his/her
hands free to perform
operation
Developed by Computer
motion
First FDA approved robot
for operating room
assistance
da Vinci Surgical System
Three primary components
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Vision system – technology that allows surgeon to get
closer to the surgical site than human vision will allow
Surgical cart – contains the Endowrist instruments
with robotic arms (2 for actual surgery; 1 for camera
that is inserted into patients - endoscope)
Surgeon console – controls for Endowrist instruments
Developed by Intuitive Surgical
da Vinci Surgical System
Summary of process

Surgeon looks into viewfinder to examine 3D
images that is projected by a camera inside
the patient
Under the viewfinder screen, the surgeon sees the
instruments held by the arms and the surgical site
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Underneath the screen are the controls for the
Endowrist instrument
Each time a joystick is moved, a computer sends
an electrical signal to an instrument, and moves
the robotic arm in sync with surgeon
Surgeon’s view using da
Vinci system
Instruments used by the
da Vinci system
ZEUS Robotic Surgical System
Has similar setup to the
da Vinci system
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A computer workstation
A video display
Hand controls to move
table mounted surgical
instruments
Endoscope inserted into
patient
Developed by Computer
Motion
NOTE: these systems have been FDA
approved for only a few select surgeries
All these systems show great promise

For example, the ZEUS system has already
been used in Germany to perform minimally
invasive coronary bypass surgery
THE END