Transcript 幻灯片 1

句子成分
掌握句子成分,把握句子脉络,有助于理解句子意思.见到英语
句子应当首先抓住句子的主要成分,即:主语部分和谓语部分
先搞清句子所要陈述的对象(谁 或什么),干 ( 做) 什么,然后
在去找修饰成分或说明成分. 句子所要陈述的对象(谁或什
么) 是主语;干 ( 做) 是 谓语;谓语的承受者是宾语.修饰主语
和宾语的成分是定语;修饰谓语、形容词或副词的成分是状
语;系动词之后的成分是表语.例如:
The Chinese workers are building a tall building
定语
主语
谓语
定语 宾语
near the school .
状语
These delicious food tastes good .
定语 定语
主语 谓语 表语
第一节
主语
主语是句子所要陈述的对象.它是一句话的“头”,它回答“
“什么”的问题.作主语的主要 是名词和代词 ,其次还有数词
动名词,不定式, 从句等.
例如:
( 代词作主语)
1)You are wanted on the phone .
( 名词作主语)
2)2) Mary is the cleverest of the tree .
(疑问词作主语)
3)----What makes you so upset.
(动名词作主语)
----- Losing the wallet.
(动名词作主语)
4) It's no use crying over spilt milk .
(不定式作主语)
5) To see is to believe .
6) Whether he comes or not doesn't matter. (从句作主语)
7) It's important for you to finish this task . (不定式作主语)
主语一般情况下放在句首,只有在疑问句或倒装句中后移.
练习题
I. 找出下列句中的主语并说出是有什么来充当的
1.We wrote a letter of thanks to whoever had helped us .
( 代词)
2.Whether you don't like him is none of my business .
( 主语从句)
3.They live on a busy street . It must be very noisy .
( 代词) ( 代词)
4. There are some boys and girls on the playground .
(名词)
5. To say it is easier than to do it .
( 不定式短语)
6. It is possible to fly to the moon by spaceship .
不定式短语
7.My brother gave me two books . The first was a novel.
(数词)
( 名词) ;
8. Skating is good exercise .
( 动名词)
9. The wounded have already been sent to the hospital .
( 形容词)
10. How to do it well is an important question .
( 带疑问词的不定式短语)
II.用正确的词性填空
1. _______
Fighting ( fight ) broke out between the South and the
North .
2.__________(
To complete complete ) the building in two months
will be a great achievement .
3. _______
Success ( succeed ) or _______
failure ( fail ) depends on the
support of the masses.
happened ( happen ) proves that our policy
4.What has _________
is right .
It ( its) happened that I wasn't there that day .
5._____
第二节 谓 语
谓语是句子的躯干,说明主语的动作.谓语动词随着主语的
不同而变化,随着时间的不同而变化,随着与主语的不同关
系( 主动关系和被动关系)而变化,总之,时时在变.谓语有三
种不同的形式:
1) 动词
They planted many trees on the hill .
2) 情态动词 + 动词 You must stay at home .
3) 系动词+ 表语
The report is very interesting.
掌握谓语应注意它的几种变化:
1) 人称和数的变化 如: I work in a foreign country .
He works in a foreign country .
2) 时态变化 如:
I usually get up at six . ( 一般现在时)
I am getting up now .
(现在进行时)
I got up at five yesterday .( 一般过去时)
I will get up at seven tomorrow . ( 一般将来时)
I have already got up .
( 现在完成时)
I was getting up when he came in . ( 过去进行时)
I had got up when he came to my house . (过去完成时)
I told my mother that I would get up . (过去将来时)
3) 语态变化 如:
The children carried school bags .
( 主动语态 )
School bags were carried by the children .
( 被动语态)
4) 语气变化 如:
I was very busy ,so I didn't go to see him .
( 真实语气)
I would have gone to see him if I had not
been ery busy .
( 虚拟语气)
练习题
I . 指出下列句中谓语并注意变化形式
1. The earth moves round the sun .
一般现在是第三人称单数
2. The factory has already gone into production .
现在完成时
3. We must get rid of bad habits.
情态动词加动词
4.Another kind of pollution is noise . 系表结构
5. Your sentence doesn't sound right .
系表结构否定式
6. The leaves have turned yellow.
系表结构完成时
7. The weather continued fine for several days .
系表结构过去时
II. 填入动词的适当形式
is
1.Fifty miles ______(
be ) not a great distance .
has been married ( marry ) for three years .
2. He _______________
3. So fast _____
does light ______
travel ( travel ) that it is difficult
for us to imagine its speed .
be planted( must , plant ) on the hills .
4. A lot of treesmust
___________
is the boy _____
doing ( do ) in the room ?
5. What _____
stay
6. The woman did ________
( stay ) at home last Sunday
第三节 宾 语
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,只有及物动词才会
有宾语.宾语一般放在谓语动词之后.放在动词后的宾语叫
做动词宾语,
而放在介词之后的宾语叫做介词宾语.
作主语成分的词也可做宾语成分,如: 名词,代词, 数词,
动名词,不定式等.
有一部分动词能跟双宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾语)人称代词
做间接宾语;表示物的名词做直接宾语.能跟双宾语的动词
有:
give , pass , choose , teach , buy ,show , send , bring ,
cook 一般情况是间接宾语在前直接宾语在后, 有时,需要
直接宾语提前,这时需要在间接宾语之前加上"to " 或" for " ;
加“to” 加“ for ” 由动词决定,动词有“方向”含义的用“t
余的 用 " for "
如 : give the book to me
pass the knife to her
buy a nice book for me
把书给我
把刀递给她
给我买本书
同源宾语是指一部分动词后跟上一个与它
意义相同的宾语,如: live , die , sleep , smile dream ,
fight, laugh
例句: We are now living a happy life .
复合宾语是指动词后的宾语带上自己的一个补足语 .
宾语与补足语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系.能跟复合
宾语的动词有: call , make , let , ask , tell ,see , hear
例句:
We call him Tom . 我们管他叫汤姆. ... ( him ) Tom
I saw him go into the classroom . 我看到他进了教室
. .... him go into the classroom
练习题
I.指出下列句中宾语并注意它们的形式
1.Crusoe made another fence round his cave . 名词
2. He gave up teaching only two years ago . 动名词
3. She has learned to play the piano . 动词不定式
4. It is time for supper .
名词作介词宾语
5. Did you write down what he said ?
名词性从句
代词作间接宾语
6. He's going to teach us English next term 名词作直接宾语
.
7.Could you spare me a few minutes ?
代词作间接宾语
名词作直接宾语
8.She smiled her thanks as she turned away .
名词作宾语
II. 完成下列各句
going there before ( 去过那里)
1. I remember __________________
2.Please remember ___________________
( 锁上门)
to lock the door
when you leave the room .
singing pop songs
3. I like ___________________(
唱流行歌曲)
4. I like _____________________
to sing an English song ( 唱一首英文歌曲)
this time .
solve every problem
5. The computer can‘t helps us(to)
___________________
(解决所有的问题)
crying ( 哭) when she heard
6. The girl couldn't help _______
the news .
III. 把下列句中的直接宾语提前
1.I'll buy you a new shirt .
I'll buy a new shirt for you .
2. Show me your passport .
Show you passport to me
3.Do bring me your textbook.
Do bring your textbook to me
4. Pour me a cup of tea.
Pour a cup of tea for me .
5. He paid the workers the money .
He paid the money to the workers .
第四节 表 语
表语是用来说明主语的身份,特征和状态的,只有系动词之
后才有表语. 常见得系动词有: be , become , appear ,
look , sound , seem , taste ,smell ,feel, get , grow , go ,
come 作表语的有: 名词,代词,形容词和分词,数词, 副词,
从句,不定式和动名词. 如:
1) My idea is that we water the vegetables first . ( 从句)
2) I must be off now.
( 副词)
3) Their job is collecting stamps. ( 动名词)
4)Three times five is fifteen . ( 数词)
5) The match became very exciting . ( 现在分词)
6) the child feels much better today . ( 形容词)
学习掌握表语应该注意以下三个区别:
1)名词作表语与形容词作表语的区别:
名词作表语回答"What问题";而形容词作表语回答"How问题
His father is a worker .
( What is his father ?)
His father is tall .
(How is his father ? )
2)动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:
动名词作表语回答"What问题";而现在分词作表语回答"How
问题" 例如:
My job is collecting stamps . ( What is your job ? )
The book is interesting .
( How is the book ? )
3)现在分词作表语与现在进行时的区别:
现在分词作表语表示某物(人)是怎么样的;而现在进行时则
表示某人正在做某事.
例如: The film is moving . ( 这部电影很动人.)
The children are moving the big table . (孩子们正
挪动那长大桌子.)
练习题
I .找出下列各句中的表语并注意它们的形式
(名词)
1.Beijing is the capital of China .
( 形容词)
2. The street used to be very dirty .
3. His wish was to become an engineer . (动词不定式)
4 .Her job is raising pigs.
(动名词短语)
5. The situation is encouraging .
( 现在分词)
6. The door remained locked .
7. We must be off now .
(过去分词)
(副词）
8. That is against the interests of the people（介词短语）
.
9. My idea is that we should stick to our plan . (从句）
10. The question is how to run the machine .
( 带疑问词的不定式）
II. 用所给词的正确形式填空
inspiring ( inspire )
1.The news sounds __________
2.We are __________
interested ( interest ) in the story .
3. My work is to
_______
clean ( clean ) the classroom tomorrow
morning
happy
4.The people in the city are very __________
.
( happiness)
mine
5.That is his book . The one on the desk is _________
( my ) .
6.Mother was very angry because all the housework
undone
remained __________(undo)
第五节 定 语
定语是修饰成分,它用来修饰名词. 用作定语的有形容词,
代词，数词，名词, 副词，名词所有格，分词，动名词，
不定式，介词短语和定语从句。形容词，代词，数词，
名词所有格，单个分词或动名词和名词作定语时放在
被修饰词之前；副词，各种短语和从句作定语时放在
被修饰词之后.
例如：a tall building( tall 为形容词）, some bananas
(some 为代词）, three scientists ( three 为数词），
Betty's father ( Betty's 为名词所有格 ）, a tea cup
（tea 为名词）， teaching plan ( teaching 为动名词），
the running horse （ running 为现在分词），
the people there ( there 为副词），
something to say ( to say 为动词不定式），
the books on the desk （ on the desk 为介词短语）,
the people interested in the film ( interested in the film
为分词短语 )， the room where I live
(where I live 为定语从句)
掌握定语有两个值得注意的问题：一、动名词与现在分词
的区别 ，动名词作定语可以理解为... for v-ing , 如：
a swimming pool = a pool for swimming ;而现在分词作
定语可以理解为：... that is v-ing
如：an interesting
story = a story that is interesting
二、复合形容词作定语，如: a three-storey-high building
( 一幢三层高的楼房） 复合形容词中的名词为单数，一定
要加连字符。
又如：a one-mile-wide river (一条一英里宽的河流)
练习题
I.找出下列各句中的定语并注意它们的形式
(代词）( 形容词）
1. Our country is a great country .
2. His words moved everyone present .(代词）( 形容词）
3. This has to be permitted by the leading comrades
.
(动名词）
4. He is a man loved by all .
(过去分词短语）
5. We must work for the interests of the people( . 介词短语）
6. Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?(从句）
7. The train which has just left is for Shanghai . (从句）
8. I have something important to tell you .
9.Do you want anything else ?
10. I have a meeting to attend .
(副词）
(动词不定式）
II. 翻译下列词组
热点题目
1. a much discussed topic
人造卫星
2. a man -made satelite
选题
3. a chosen topic
流动的水;
4. running water
正在睡觉的孩子
5. a sleeping boy
三岁的孩子
6.a three-year-old boy
7.a one-mile-wide river
一英里宽的河
8.一本很难读懂的书 a book difficult to understand
undone work
9.没有做的工作
a meeting to be held
10.将要举行的会议
a Party member
11.党员
a service centre
12.服务中心
a swimming pool
13.游泳池
a man who came yesterday
14.昨天来的那个人
the end of a year
15.年底
第六节 状 语
状语也是修饰成分，它是用来修饰动词，形容词或副词的。
它说明动作的时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、条件、
程度、伴随情况 等等。因此，状语分为：时间状语、地点
状语，方式状语、原因状语、结果状语 ，条件状语 、程
度状语、伴随状语等。
用作状语的有 : 副词、介词短语、分词或分词短语、动词
不定式、名词和从句，例句如下：
1. Suddenly it began to rain . 副词.
2. According to the plan we must finish the work
tomorrow. 介词短语 ；名词。
3. He sat there smoking . 副词; 现在分词。
4. Not knowing what to do , he decided to ask the teacher
for advice 。
现在分词短语
5. The other day I went to see a friend of mine in town .
名词短语，
不定式短语。
6. Wait a moment . 名词
7.If it is fine tomorrow , we‘ll go to plant trees . 从句。
8. Given another chance, we will make it better.
过去分词短语
状语的位置比较灵活，一般有三个位置：
一. 放在句尾。如：We went to the park yesterday .
二. 放在句首。如：
Usually I read the newspaper in the morning , but
yesterday I read them in the evening .
三，放在动词之前，在 to be 或主动词或情态动词之后，
这类的状语往往是单个副词。
如： often , still , never , also , always , already , usually ,
even , ever , quite , almost , certainly .
He always helps others . 。
I shall never forget that day .
在句中同时有时间状语和地点状语时， 地点状语一般放
在时间状语之前。如：
The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow
afternoon.
会议明天将在教室举行。
修饰形容词和副词的状语一般放在被修饰词之前。如：
It is raining very /rather /quite hard .
It is raining so hard that… / too hard for us to go.
enough 修饰形容词或副词时，应放在形容词或副词之后。
如：
Are you warm enough ?
练习题
I.找出下列各句中的状语并 指出属于哪类状语
1.The visitors were warmly welcomed by the students .
方式
2. He did his experiment carefully in the lab yesterday .
方式
地点
时间
3. They did everything they could to save the worker's life
目的
4. Being blind , how could they see ?
原因
5. Greatly inspired by the teacher's words , I have made
up my mind to work at English even harder .
程度
原因
6.The book is very popular among young people .
范围
7. He entered the dark room , gun in hand .
8. I do it because I like it .
伴随
原因
9. We must do as the Party tells us .
方式
10.This room is larger than that one .
11.Considering her age , we must say she is doing well .
条件
12. In spite of that,I would like to go there myself . 让步
13.The boy lay down after he had a long walk. 时间
14.Happy and gay , the girl rushed into the room . 伴随
II . 用所给词的正确形式填空
1."We've won the game !" shouted the students
excitedly ( excited )
________.
pretty good place to visit . ( pretty )
2.It is a ________
usually come to see him . ( usual)
3.We _______
to ask
4.As we didn't know the way , we stopped _______
the way . ( ask )
5._______
Living in the country , I used to carry water for an
old man . ( live )
6. ________
Educated in a famous college , Tom is admired by his
former classmates .( educate )
proud and _____.
joyful ( proud , joy )
7. He returned home _______
eager to do something to
8.They crowded around , _______
help . ( eager )
第七节 补足语
补足语是用来对宾语进行补充说明的成分。补足语分为
主语补足语和宾语补足语，当谓语动词变为被动语态时宾
语补足语就成了主语补足语了。例如：
He asked me to open the book . ( 宾语补足语)
I was asked to open the book .
( 主语补足语)
应当注意的是：宾语与补足语之间的关系是逻辑主谓关
系， 这是判断补足语的
重要方法。 They made him do the work . ( him 与 do
是主谓关系 ， him 是do 执行者）。
作补足语的有：形容词、名词、 副词、不定式、现在分词、
过去分词等。
例如：
1. I found the classroom empty .
2. We elected him monitor .
( 形容词）
( 名词）
3. Please call the students back at once . ( 副词）
4. We told him to come here early . ( 动词不定式）
5. I found him lying in bed .
( 现在分词）
6. I heard it spoken of in the next room .
( 过去分词）
注意
不定式作补足语有时可省不定式符号，这种情况取决于
谓语动词，这样的谓语动词有：
make , let , have , hear , see , watch , feel , observe ,
notice 例如:
He made me work all day . 他迫使我整天干活。
并不是所有的动词都能跟现在分词作补足语。
能跟现在分词作补足语的动词有： have , see, watch ,
feel , hear , notice , observe , keep , find 例如:
The old woman had the lights burning all night long .
老妇人让灯点了一整夜
练习题
I.指出下列句中补足语并注意变化形式
1.At the meeting we made him monitor .
名词
2. What you said made Xiao Wang angry . 形容词
3. We heard him singing in the hall .
4.I found the classroom empty .
5. Please let the student in at once.
6. I can't have you say so .
现在分词短语
形容词
副词
不带to 的不定式
7.He is asked to sing us a song . 带to 的不定式
8.Yesterday I had my hair cut.
过去分词
II.用所给词的适当形式填空
1. Robert is said _____________
to be studying ( study ) abroad, but I
don't know what country he studied in .
2. I saw the man knocked
_______ ( knock ) down and the
driver _____
drive ( drive) away .
write (write ) an article
3.Who did the teacher have ______
for the wall newspaper.
happy ( happiness )
4. Happiness lies in making others _______
5. How can I stop him _______
asking ( ask ) such silly questions
III. 完成下列各句
ready
1. Have you got the supper _________
(准备)?
2.Let‘s paint the door _______
black (黑色).
3. We must keep the room ________(整洁).
tidy
4.I found it difficult to ______________(学数学)
.
to study maths
5. I think it duty to ________________(为人民服务)
.
serve the people
6.All this has made it possible for us
to
finish the work on time (完成按时工作).
____________________
综合练习题
I.指出下列句子划线部分的句子成分
表语
1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
2. Whether we'll go depends on the weather. 主语
3. People's standards of living are going up steadily .状语
4. He is called Little Tiger . 补语
5. The masses are the real heroes . 定语
6. That was how they were defeated . 表语
7. The nursery takes good care of our children . 谓语
8. I'll return the book to you tomorrow .
状语
9.We always mean what we say . 宾语
10. We are sure that we shall succeed . 宾语
11. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother定语
.
12 . There are many films that I'd like to see . 主语
13. Have you met the person about whom he was speakin
14. I have a lot of work to do .
15. Speak politely.
定语
定语
状语
16. Anyway I won't stop you from doing it .
补语
17. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try . 状语
18. We can send a car over to fetch you . 状语
19. Seeing this , some comrades became very worried .
状语
II. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子
1.我们的英语老师是使人愉快的人.
pleasant person.
Our English teacher is a _____________
2.他晚上几乎不工作.
hardly works in the evening .
He ________
3.我说服他戒了烟.
not to smoke.
I persuaded him ___________
4.你接受他的礼物了吗?
accept
Did you ___________
his present ?
5.他们去看那个要死的人.
dying man .
They went to see the _______
6.我们船上没有这么多的空位子.
room for so many people on the boat.
We have no_______
7.字典就在架子上.
right on the shelf
The dictionary is _________________.
III.指出句子的主句部分
1. It doesn't matter whether you will come or not .
2. I don't believe they will win the game .
3.The fact that he had not said anything surprised
everybody .
4. I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off
onto the floor .
5. Tom studies hard and is ready to help others , which
his parents expect .
6. It also shows you the caller's telephone number in
order that you recognize who it is .
7. Whatever dictionary you have , please lend it to me .
8.What frightened us most was that two lights appeared
suddenly in the darkness .