Transcript Chapter 7: The Clash of Empires (1668

Chapter 7: The Clash of
Empires (1668-1763)
Section 1: The Expanding French Empire
I CAN…
1.) Define NEW FRANCE
2.) Explain reasons for colonization of NA, by
the French, such as religion, desire for land,
and economic opportunity
3.) Describe the key differences btwn the
British colonies and French colonies
4.) Describe the interactions btwn American
Indians and French settlers
The St. Lawrence: Core of New
France
1608- New France begins w/ the founding of
Quebec
 Capital of New France
1660s- French gov’t concerned about growing # of
English and Dutch colonists bc they were
competing w/ French for the fur trade
France begins to encourage French families to settle in
New France
 These farming families would set up in the St. Lawrence River
Valley and serve as a line of defense against English expansion
 Plan didn’t work-> English settlers continued to outnumber French
settlers
A Trading Empire
France based empire on trade
The fur trade depended on Indians
French had better relations with Indians than
anyone else
 French trappers and traders learned to live as the
Indians
Both the French and Indians benefited from trade
relationship
 Indians traded pelts and hides for manufactured
items (iron pots, steel knives, guns, etc.)
 French made a ton of money when furs reached
European markets
La Salle Reaches the Gulf of Mexico
April 1682- La Salle
reaches the Gulf of
Mexico, at the mouth of
the Mississippi River,
claimed “this country
of Louisiana”
Territory: From Great
Lakes to Gulf of
Mexico
At the Mississippi Delta
1699- French gov’t approved settlements on the
Mississippi for 3 reasons:
1.) It would be a base of attack against Mexico
2.) It would function as a trading post for furs and ores
from the interior
3.) It would keep England from taking control of the
Miss. River
1718- New Orleans founded
Early 1700s- France held the 2 main access points
to the American interior
1.) St. Lawrence River (controlled by Quebec and
Montreal
2.) Mouth of Mississippi (controlled by New Orleans)
Section 2:
Rivalry over
Furs & Land
I CAN…
1.) Describe the political, religious, and
economic conflicts among colonial powers for
control of N. America.
Colonial powers: England, France, Spain
2.) Analyze how contact btwn white settlers
and American Indians resulted in treaties, land
acquisition, and Indian removal.
English-French rivalry
develops!

England and France clash in West
Indies colonies:
England uses colonies in their
triangular trade for raw materials.
{Barbados & Jamaica}
France uses them for riches of sugar
and coffee {Domingo/Haiti}
Both used slavery and mercantilism!
England and France clash in Texas frontier
colonies:
Both England and France make attempts
to move-in on Spanish territory to the
southwest of the 13 colonies.
They are in search of more land, raw
materials, natural resources and pushing
Spain out.
Indian Alliances
As British and French empires continued to
grow, conflicts increased.
Frontier warfare was made worse because
of Indian alliances…
 France allied with the Algonquin and Huron
Indians. These Indians traded and bordered the
St. Lawrence River Valley.
British allied with the Iroquois because of
trading relationships with them along the
Hudson River Valley.
League of Iroquois
Consisted of 6 different Indian tribes or nations.
Most powerful Indian confederation in America.
 Each tribe held one vote power and decisions had to be
unanimous! (Representative & Democratic!)
They relied heavily on the capturing of beaver.
 By 1670, the Iroquois were trading over one million
pounds of beaver skins each year.
As the Iroquois expanded their areas of trapping,
the French waged war on them (1687). The
British will join the fight.
1689-1748 France, England and Indians go to
war!
English and their Indian allies vs. French and
their Indian allies over frontier land…
 King William’s War
 Queen Anne’s War
 King George’s War
No balance of power or land claims changed!
BUT, THESE WARS BEGAN
FRENCH SPONSORED INDIAN RAIDS
ON ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS!
 1750, English outnumbered
French colonists.
80,000 to 1,000,000
Think… why were the English
doubling their population
every generation yet France
not booming? Economy?
Reasons for colonizing?
 English land speculators
began buying and selling
the Ohio Valley!
 France adds forts in order to
protect its claims in the
Mississippi Valley!
Franklin urges Union
1754 Albany, NY – British meeting to discuss
relations with the Iroquois and land boundaries.
Benjamin Franklin is Penn. Rep.
He preached a union of the 13 colonies for
defense. (see First Political Cartoon in America
“Join or Die” pg. 157)
His plan = Albany Plan of Union.
This plan respected the League of the Iroquois…
the Indians united, we can too.
Albany Plan of Union
Each colony to send reps to a new council.
Head of the council to be a president-general
appointed by the Crown.
Council would have authority to make
war/peace with the Indians.
Plus powers to raise armies, construct forts,
levy taxes, and found new settlements.
REJECTION: none of the colonies wanted to
give up power to a central government or pay
taxes for a joint defense…
Causes of the War
George Washington issued a message to
the French in the Ohio River Valley that
requested “their peaceable departure”
French refused
Washington told to drive French out and
secure the Forks of the Ohio
Washington sent a crew ahead to build
a fort there
But… the Virginians surrendered the
fort to the French
French expanded it and strengthened
it and named it Fort Duquesne
While Washington waited for
reinforcements, they built Fort
Necessity
July- French soldiers advance and
take Fort Necessity
This would be the 1st battle in the
French and Indian War
Tale of the Tape
French advantages:
1.) Controlled more land in America than
British
2.) Had a single colonial gov’t that could
act quickly
3.) Had ships and professional soldiers
4.) Could count on help from loyal Indian
allies as the Huron and the Algonquin
Later helped by the Iroquois
British advantages:
1.) More colonists
2.) British colonies were
easier to defend
3.) Colonists willing to fight
hard to save their land,
homes, and families
Results
 Battle of Quebec ended fighting in N. America w/
Britain controlling New France
 War continued in other parts of world, w/ Britain
finally defeating France
 7 Years’ War formally ends w/ the Treaty of
Paris (1763)
 Terms:
 1.) Britain took all the French land east of
the Miss. except New Orleans
 2.) Spain had to give up Florida to Britain
 To make up for loss, France gave Spain
New Orleans and all of Louisiana west of
the Miss.
Effects on Native
Americans
 Indians worried that British would soon cross the
Appalachians and take over their land
 British treated Indians terribly
 Gave them blankets from a small pox hospital
 Cheated and insulted them
 Indians react
 Pontiac gathered the Shawnee, Delaware,
Chippewa, and Ottawa tribes to drive British from
every outpost
 Killed settlers and burned cabins
 Uprising showed that it would not be easy to govern
the new, huge American land that the British now
held