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LESSON 1 AERO-GLIDER 1973 HISTORY OF FLIGHT Wright Brothers 1970 Boeing 747 1903 Otto Lilienthal 1891 Montgolfier Brothers 1783 Leonardo DaVinci 1485 Week 1 • Check kit • Put Name on Part 1 4 • Cut out Part 1 • Mark bend lines • Glue together • Colour the Fin NAME 1 3 2 REVIEW OF LESSON LESSON NOTES AERO-GLIDER Objectives: To successfully build and fly Aero-glider Week 2 Week 1 Week 3 • Check kit • Glue fin on • Put Name on Part 1 • Colour the wing • Balance • Final Adjustments • Cut out Part 1 • Colure the tail • Maiden flight • Mark bend lines • Cut out wing • Competition • Glue together • Glue front of wing • Colour the Fin • Glue tail on • Glue wing on For many centuries, humans have tried to fly just like the birds. Wings made of feathers or light weight wood have been attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like a birds and can not move with the strength of a bird. 1485 Leonardo da Vinci - The Ornithopter Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight. The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept. 1783 - Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier- the First Hot Air Balloon The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than 1 mile. After this first success, the brothers began to send men up in balloons. The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1891 Otto Lilienthal One of Lilienthal's Gliders German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. He was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. He was fascinated by the idea of flight. Based on his studies of birds and how they fly, he wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in 1889 and this text was used by the Wright Brothers as the basis for their designs. After more than 2500 flights, he was killed when he lost control because of a sudden strong wind and crashed into the ground. Model of Langley Aerodrome 1894 Octave Chanute Samuel Langley was an astronomer, who Langley's Aerodrome realized that power was needed to help man fly. He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome, that included a steam-powered engine. In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel. Langley received a $50,000 grant to build a full sized aerodrome. It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider. He was also well known as the director of the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright and the First Flight Orville and Wilbur Wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight. First, they spent many years learning about all the early developments of flight. They completed detailed research of what other early inventors had done. They read all the literature that was published up to that time. Then, they began to test the early theories with balloons and kites. They learned about how the wind would help with the flight and how it could affect the surfaces once up in the air. The Wright Brother's Flyer The "Flyer" lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a.m., on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds. Lilienthal's worldwide fame is mainly based on his successful glides. Today we look at his first controlled and so reproducible glides in the year 1891 of a distance of 80 feed as the beginning of the successful human flight period. In 1893 Lilienthal covered a distance of 800 feet. Until his death in 1896 this was unsurpassable for him. These first practical successes were the outcome of a research program on which he worked with great determination and creativity for more than 20 years. Today we can call his research "the beginning of wing-aerodynamics". It was only after he had presented his full experimental facts and interpretations in his book "Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst" (Bird Flight as a Basis of Aviation) that he started to construct man-carrying flying machines. Some of his works and discoveries in physics of flight that should be emphasized: - The conclusive account of the fact, that the mechanic work in order to lift a body (e. g. the body of a bird) in still air is fundamentally different to the flight work of birds. - The experimental account of the advantages of the curved wing and the attempt to interpret the results through streamlines. - The disassemble of the resultant air force in its lift and drag components. - The analysis of the results in a way that is still used in the same way today: the so called "polar diagram" - The analysis of different wing constructions and first statements about aspect ratio, wing shape and profile, which were partly experimentally secured and partly made by intuition - The development and use of very simple measuring instruments, which supplied among other things the first actual available measurements of ratio and direction of the resultant air force. This was successful because of the largeness of the apparatuses through which some measuring mistakes became irrelevant. Most important measuring instruments were different whirling arm apparatuses and air force measuring instruments for natural wind. Lilienthal defined the assignment of his inquiries in an impressive formula: "All flight is based upon producing air pressure, all flight energy consists in overcoming air pressure. " ________________________________________________________________________________