The Spanish-American War and the Growth of America as a World Power

Four stances on foreign policy

 Isolationism- Strict non-involvement in the affairs of other nations  Collective Security- Working with other countries to influence world affairs  Internationalism- Intervening in other countries’ affairs to promote important national interests and/or to safe guard national security  Imperialism- Extending power by acquiring territory around the globe or exploiting weaker nations to serve national interests

U. S. Expansionism in the 1800s

A. Manifest Destiny

1. Notion Americans were a superior people and had the right to control the North American continent 2. Americans purchased land from France 3. Americans purchased Florida and Alaska 4. Gained Oregon Territory, Texas, and California 5. Used negotiations and bloodshed led to Native Americans being killed or forced off their land.

6. Civil War interrupted expansion, 7. By 1890, conquering and settling the continental United States was complete.

U. S. Expansionism in the 1800s

A. The Turn to Expansionism

1. late 1800s, economic expansionism part of the American experience. 2. Communication and travel improved. 3. Businesses began to export goods to foreign markets and developed foreign trade important to the country’s economic health and prosperity. 4. Political leaders began to develop new foreign policy based on expansionism.

U. S. Expansionism in the 1800s

B. From Expansionism to Imperialism

1.desire new economic markets = idea of an American empire. 2. investing in and trading with foreign markets would give profits 3.Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a . believed that to be strong U. S. must sell its products to a global market. b. the nation needed an improved, enlarged, and powerful navy c. navy would require colonies for overseas naval bases. d. book propelled the modernization of the U.S. Navy in 1883.

4. Americans’ belief in a moral obligation to spread democratic and Christian values to other lands.

5. Reverend Josiah Strong, a congregational minister b. author of book

Our Country

1. Americans were a special, God-favored Anglo-Saxon race 2.should “lift up” other societies.

U. S. Expansionism in the 1800s

C. The Debate over Imperialism

1. anti-imperialists a. trade should lead to the domination of one nation over another. b. empire might weaken institutions at home and invite a war 2. imperialists and anti-imperialists fiercely debated which course U.S. foreign policy should take

Revolution in Cuba

A. Trouble Brewing in Cuba

1. Island 90 miles off tip of Florida. 2. Involvement brought U.S. into potential conflict with Spain. 3. From 1868 the Cuban people struggled for independence from Spain.

B. U.S. Interest in Cuba

1. Some believed Cubans’ fight for independence was similar to ours 2. Others Cuba as a natural extension of U.S. territory. 3. Cuba’s productive sugar plantations attracted the attention of those interested in its economic potential. 4. Cuban expatriate Jose’ Marti gathered arms, money, and men in New York to fight Spanish rule. 5. 1894 the United States imposed a tariff on sugar a. Sugar prices fell b. Cuban economy was hurt

C. De Lome letter

1. Published by

New York Journal

2. Written by de Lome- Spanish minister to U.S.

3. Criticized President McKinley 4. Angered Americans

Revolution in Cuba

D. The Revolution Begins

1. Marti launched a revolution from the U.S. a. A destructive war resulted b. Marti’s followers 1) burned sugar fields 2) destroyed mills 3) fought Spanish soldiers c. Spanish troops 1)under the command of Valereano “Butcher” Weyler 2)forced hundreds of thousands of Cubans into “reconcentration” towns a)Horrifying conditions existed in the camps, b) deaths of tens of thousands of Cubans c) Cuba’s economy fell apart

Revolution in Cuba

E. Americans Keep Watch

1. Investments in plantations and sugar refineries nearing $50 million 2. Cuban exports to the United States plummeting 3. Conditions of the reconcentration camps reported in American press 4. Americans began to side with the Cubans and grow angry toward Spain.

F. McKinley Wants to Avoid War

1. William McKinley elected president in 1896 a. sought to avoid was with Spain b. a new government came to power in Spain in 1898 1) proposed reform in the reconcentration policy and the promise to some autonomy for Cubans

The Maine Incident

A. The Maine Explosion

1. In 1898 Spanish troops rioted in the Cuban capital city, Havana. 2. In January, President McKinley ordered the battleship

Maine

Havana Harbor to protect American citizens and property to 3. February 15, the

Maine

was destroyed by an explosion in Havana -killed 260 American officers and crew.

4. Headlines in American papers called for revenge: -“Remember the

Maine

! To War with Spain!” 5. Most Americans believed the Spanish had blown up the

Main

, a. there was no evidence b. naval board concluded that a mine had caused the explosions. c. investigation by Spanish officials reported the explosion had been internal and presumably, accidental. (In 1976 U.S. admiral Hymn Rickover conducted a study of the sinking of the

Maine

and concluded that an internal accident, probably a faulty boiler, had caused the explosion.)

Yellow Journalism Pushes the United States Toward War

A. Yellow Journalists Push for Military Action

1. In response to

Maine

incident, American newspapers featured articles against Spain and their role in Cuba. 2. Some American journalists resorted to “yellow” journalism a. sensational headlines and stories with little attention to facts b. designed to grab the attention and stir up the emotions of readers c. fabricated stories of Spanish cruelty in Cuba that did not exist d. called for U.S. intervention in Cuba.

4. Key proponents of the yellow journalism a. William Randolph Hearst, publisher of the

New York Journal

b. Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of

The World

5. Critics claimed that yellow journalists pressed U.S. politicians into calling for war.

Yellow Journalism Pushes the United States Toward War

B. McKinley Calls for War

1. March 1898 McKinley sent Spain an ultimatum a. demanding an armistice, b. ending reconcentration, and c. appointing himself as arbiter.

2. Spain’s insufficient concessions, 3. April 11, asked Congress to use force against Spain. 4. April 19 Congress declared Cuba’s independence 5. Spain responded with its own declaration of war five days later 6. April 25, McKinley signed a congressional declaration of war with Spain.

The Outbreak of War in Philippines

A. War began in Spanish colony of Philippine Islands. B. Commodore George Dewey

1. moved six U.S. ships to prepare to invade the Philippines. 2. May 1 Dewey attacked the Spanish squadron 3. In seven hours, all ten Spanish ships sunk

C. The Storming of Manila

1. Dewey blockaded the harbor and waited for ground troops. 2. 11,000 reinforcements arrived, 3.Dewey collaborates with Filipino patriot Emilio Aguinaldo, a. Led an uprising against Spain in 1896. b. Ousted Spanish rule in all territories except Manila. 4. U. S. captured Manila on August 13, 1898.

The War Moves to Cuba

A. U.S. Troops Land in Cuba

1.Under command of General Nelson A. Miles and General William R. Shafter, 2. 17,000 troops landed near Santiago, the base of the Spanish troops. -included many African Americans 3. Fighting on the island began on June 20, 1898.

The United States Defeats Spain

A. The Battle of San Juan Hill

1. 1 st major land Battle of the War, a. turned out to be the last.

B. U.S. blockade of Santiago Harbor

1. July 3- Spanish fleet tried to run 2. U.S. Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet -ended Spanish resistance in Cuba.

C. U.S. turned to Spanish-held Puerto Rico

1. easily conquered in July.

The United States Defeats Spain

D. The War’s Toll on U.S. Soldiers

1. 385 Americans were killed in action.

2. 5,000 died of tropical diseases and the effects of bad food 3. Many of the troops had to be quarantined when they came back to U.S. 4. The Treatment of African Americans a. as troops passed through the South 1) called epithets and were refused service in restaurants 2) some not allowed to go ashore to bathe or exercise unless they were escorted by an officer. b. race riots occurred in June 1898.

The United States Emerges as an Imperialist Power

A. Spain signed a cease fire on August 12, 1898,

1. A day before Dewey and his ground troops, unaware that the war was over, captured Manila. 2. Treaty of Paris October 1898. a. Permanent settlement b. Granted independence to Cuba c. Ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States for a payment of $20 million. - This added 100,000 square miles and close to 10 million people to the American empire.

The United States Emerges as an Imperialist Power

B. Continuing U.S. Influence in Cuba

1. U.S. involvement did not end with the war 2. President McKinley set up a military government to administer Cuba. 3. Cubans began to draft a constitution, a. U.S. insisted that it included the Platt Amendment. 1. Limited Cuba’s foreign interaction 2. gave U.S. right to establish naval stations on the island, and if necessary, to send troops to keep order.

The United States Emerges as an Imperialist Power

C. The Philippines Become a U.S. Colony

1. President decided the Filipinos were “unfit for self-government.” - Best choice was for U.S. to “educate Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them.” 2. Most Filipinos Catholic and wanted self-government. -They were refused. 3. 3 year battle between Filipinos and U.S. ended in 1901 U.S. crushed the revolt.

D. The U.S. Emerges as a World Power

1. By 1899 U.S. expanded its control to include a. Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, Hawaii (1898) b. Many other Pacific Islands, including Samoa (1899).

The United States Emerges as an Imperialist Power

E. Anti-Imperialism

1. unhappy and angry about the United States’ new imperial status 2. included both Democrats and Republicans and members of all social classes. 3. Some driven by moral and humanitarian sentiments. -Rejected the exploitation of indigenous peoples 4. Other cautioned the United States to stay out of the colonialism and militarism. -Feared that U.S. intervention, abroad would lead to war 5. Others feared that dark-skinned peoples a. might detract from “Anglo-Saxon purity” b. they would never embrace democracy, c. their labor might reduce the value of American workers .

The United States Emerges as an Imperialist Power

F. The Anti-Imperialist League

1. Organized by prominent U.S. leaders 2. Opposed U.S. control of the Philippines 3. Supported an amendment to the Treaty of Paris a. promising Filipinos independence as soon as they formed a stable government. b. amendment was narrowly defeated 4. Democratic and anti-imperialist candidate William Jennings Bryan lost the presidential nomination in 1900

U.S. Imperialism in the Early 1900s

A. U.S. Influence Abroad Grows

1. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, a. U.S. presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson all involved the United States in the affairs of various Latin American and Asian countries.

U.S. Imperialism in the Early 1900s

B. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy

1. Became president when McKinley was assassinated a. He was elected in his own right in 1904. 2. Pushed for greater U.S. involvement in world affairs. a. His policy actively meet any challenge to national interest. b. Advocated peaceful resolutions with other nations c. Wanted a strong international presence that would insure American prosperity. 3. Roosevelt’s foreign policy best summarized by the West African proverb that became one of his favorite sayings: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

U.S. Imperialism in the Early 1900s

C. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

1.asserted the right of the United States to act as international police power in Latin America. 2. From 1900 to 1917, the Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify intervention a. In Dominican Republic, Panama, Cuba, Nicaragua, Honduras, Mexico, and Haiti. b. Included sending troops, controlling governmental budgets, running elections, and beginning construction of the Panama Canal.

U.S. Imperialism in the Early 1900s

D. “Big Stick” Policy in Asia, 1.

Roosevelt fostered “Open Door” policy, a. called for equal commercial opportunity for all nations trading with China b. preservation of China’s independence.

E. Boxer Rebellion

1. Chinese led rebellion to oust foreign influence from China 2. Roosevelt sent troops to join the Japanese, British, and others to squash the rebellion

U.S. Imperialism in the Early 1900s

F. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

1. Name given to his foreign policy 2. Encouraged U.S. Businesses to invest in foreign countries. a. strong economic role-using dollars, not bullets-would advance U.S. authority and prosperity while promoting worldwide stability. 3. He ordered troops to Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico, 4. He justified the use of force to teach other nations how to establish law and order.

U.S. Imperialism in the Early 1900s

G. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

1.Wanted to secure U.S. economic interests abroad, 2. also maintain that U.S. should champion democracy around the globe 3. U.S. help maintain world peace. 4. Emphasized American ideals such as self-determination. 5. Let U.S. continue to meddle in and dominate affairs of Latin America and Asia. 6. Under Wilson, U.S. continued to develop an empire by expanding its political and economic influence around the world.