Transcript Chapter 13 The American West - Welcome to American Studies

Chapter 13
The American West
SECTION 1
The Fight for the West
SECTION 2
Mining & Ranching
SECTION 3
Farming the Plains
Summary
In opening the West for settlement, the federal government relocated Native
Americans to vastly diminished homelands or eliminated them in military
battles. Immigrants, African Americans & white Americans eagerly moved into
the new frontier to mine, ranch & establish farms. New technologies &
perseverance helped them survive in the new landscape
13.1 Do Now
• Read “The Inside Story” –
The Ghost Dance p. 438
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The Fight for the West (13.1)
The Main Idea
Native Americans fought the movement of settlers westward,
but the U.S. military and the persistence of American
settlers proved too strong to resist.
Reading Focus
• How was the stage set for conflict between white settlers and
Native Americans in the West?
• What were the Indian Wars and their consequences?
• How did Native American resistance to white settlement end?
• What was life like on the Indian Reservation?
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I. Stage Set for Conflict
4
I. Stage Set for Conflict
a.
Culture of the Plains Indians
i.
Buffalo provided food, clothing, and shelter for the nomadic lifestyle
of the Indians.
ii.
They did not believe land should be bought and sold, and white
farmers felt it should be divided.
b. Government policy
i.
Instead of continuing to move the Indians westward, the government
changed its policy.
ii.
Indian land was seized, and they were forced onto reservations.
Objective: Describe how the stage was set for conflict between white settlers & Native
Americans in the West
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I. Stage Set for Conflict
c. Destruction of the buffalo
i.
The buffalo-centered way of life was threatened, with vast herds
driven to extinction by reduced grazing lands and hunting for sport
and profit.
ii.
By 1894 only about 25 buffalo survived
iii.
This was caused by the following events…
1.
Settlers’ oxen & horses ate the buffalo’s food supply
2.
New livestock brought with the settlers spread diseases that
killed the buffalo
3.
Increased demand for buffalo hides
4.
Railroad companies ordered “Buffalo Hunts” to thin out the
herds
Objective: Describe how the stage was set for conflict between white settlers & Native
Americans in the West
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II. The Indian Wars
a. Sand Creek
Massacre
i.
Army troops attacked and massacred
surrendering Cheyenne.
ii. Congressional investigators condemned the
Army actions, but no one was punished in the
Sand Creek Massacre.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
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II. The Indian Wars
i.
b. Treaties
After the massacre, Cheyenne and Sioux
stepped up their raids.
ii. In return for closing a sacred trail, the Sioux
agreed to live on a reservation.
iii. Other nations signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty
and were moved to reservation lands in
western Oklahoma.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
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II. The Indian Wars
c. The Battle
of the Little
Bighorn
i.
George Armstrong Custer led his troops in
headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost.
ii. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a
temporary victory for the Sioux.
iii. The U.S. government was determined to put
down the threat to settlers.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
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II. The Indian Wars
d. Palo Duro
Canyon
i.
The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon ended the
Indian Wars on the southern Plains.
ii. With their ponies killed and food stores
destroyed, surviving Comanches moved onto
the reservation.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
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II. The Indian Wars
i.
e. The Ghost
Dance
The Ghost Dance was a religious movement
that inspired hope among suffering Native
Americans.
ii. Newspapers began suggesting that this
signaled a planned uprising.
iii. The military killed Sitting Bull while attempting
to arrest him in a skirmish.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
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II. The Indian Wars
f. Wounded
Knee
i.
The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred the day
after the surrender.
ii. Shooting began after a gun went off, and the
fleeing Sioux were massacred.
iii. This action marked the end of the bloody
conflict between the army and the Plains
Indians.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
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II. The Indian Wars
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III. Resistance Ends in the West
a. Resistance in the Northwest
b.Resistance in the Southwest
i.
i.
The Apache people were moved
onto a reservation near the Gila
River in Arizona.
ii.
Soldiers forcefully stopped a
religious gathering there, and
Geronimo and others fled the
reservation.
ii.
The government took back ninetenths of the Nez Percé land when
gold miners and settlers came into
the area.
Fourteen years later they were
ordered to abandon the last bit of
that land to move into Idaho.
iii. Chief Joseph tried to take his
people into Canada, but the army
forced their surrender less than
forty miles from the Canadian
border.
iv. Chief Joseph and many others
were eventually sent to northern
Washington.
iii. They raided settlements along the
Arizona-Mexico border for years
before finally being captured in
1886.
iv. Geronimo and his followers were
sent to Florida as prisoners of war.
His surrender marked the end of
armed resistance in the area.
Objective: Trace how Native American resistance to white settlement ended
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IV. Life on the Reservations
a.
The government
wanted control over all the
western territories and
wanted Indians to live like
white Americans.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the Reservations
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IV. Life on the Reservations
b.
The Bureau of Indian
Affairs began to erase the
Indian culture through a
program of
Americanization.
i.
Indian students could
speak only English
and could not wear
their traditional
clothing. They
learned to live like
Americans.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the Reservations
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IV. Life on the Reservations
c. The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up many reservations and
turned Native Americans into individual property
owners.
d. Ownership was designed to transform their relationship
to the land.
e. The Indians received less productive land, and few had
the money to start farms.
i. Most of the land given to the Indians was unsuitable
for farming.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the Reservations
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Mining & Ranching (13.2)
The Main Idea
Many people sought fortunes during the mining and cattle
booms of the American West.
Reading Focus
• How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?
• Why did mining become big business?
• How and why did the cattle boom come to an end?
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I. Striking Gold & Silver
a. Discovering gold and silver
i.
After the California gold rush, Colorado was next.
ii.
Most who went there were disappointed, but the silver in the
Comstock Lode in Nevada lasted for more than 20 years.
b. The Klondike gold rush
i.
The Yukon Territory was the site of a huge gold rush, but getting
there was treacherous.
ii.
Canadians required miners to bring a year’s worth of supplies with
them, and that was a difficult task.
iii.
Reports of “gold for the taking” were false.
Objective: Infer how mining led to new settlements in the West
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I. Striking Gold & Silver
c. Mining camps and towns
i.
Thousands of men poured into mining areas. Camps were hastily
built and had no law enforcement. Vigilante justice was used to
combat theft and violence.
d. Camps become towns
i.
Some camps developed into towns, with hastily constructed
buildings of stores and saloons.
ii.
As towns developed, women and children came to join the men,
making the towns more respectable. Townspeople established
churches, newspapers, and schools.
Objective: Infer how mining led to new settlements in the West
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II. Mining as Big Business
a.
Placer mining allowed individuals to pan for gold, but
soon equipment was needed to dig deeper within the earth.
b. Large companies were formed to invest in hydraulic
mining and hard-rock mining.
i. Prospectors became employees, working dangerous
jobs for these companies.
Objective: Explain why mining became big business
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II. Mining as Big Business
c. Miners began to organize unions to negotiate safer
working conditions and better pay.
i. Mining companies resisted, and violence broke out.
ii. At Cripple Creek, Colorado, the Western Federation
of Miners faced off against the corporate mining
interests.
iii. When it was over, 30 men were left dead and the
union was defeated.
Objective: Explain why mining became big business
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III. The Cattle Boom
a. Origins of
ranching
i.
The Spanish were the first ranchers in the West,
raising cattle under dry and difficult conditions.
ii. They bred the hardy Texas longhorn and started
sheep ranching.
iii. Grazing lands were needed for both.
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an end
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III. The Cattle Boom
i.
b. Demand
for beef
Growing populations in the East needed food.
ii. The age of the cattle drive had arrived.
iii. Cowboys drove the cattle to towns with railroads
to be shipped to meatpacking centers such as
Chicago.
iv. One of the most famous cattle trails was the
Chisholm Trail.
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an end
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III. The Cattle Boom
c.
Ranching
as big
business
i.
Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire, allowing
ranchers to enclose grazing lands.
ii. Privately owned ranches spread quickly, and
investors transformed the cattle business into big
business.
iii. Two years of severe winters brought huge losses
to the industry.
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an end
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III. The Cattle Boom
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Farming the Plains (13.3)
The Main Idea
The government promoted the settlement of the West,
offering free or cheap land to those willing to put in the
hard work of turning the land into productive farms.
Reading Focus
• What incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West?
• Which groups of people moved into the West, and why did they
do so?
• What new ways of farming evolved in the West?
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I. Incentives for Settlement
a. New legislation
i.
In 1862, Congress passed three acts to turn public lands into private
property.
1.
The Homestead Act gave 160 acres of land to heads of
household.
2.
The Pacific Railway Act gave land to the railroad companies to
build lines.
3.
The Morrill Act gave lands to states for colleges for agriculture
and the mechanic arts.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
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I. Incentives for Settlement
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
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I. Incentives for Settlement
b. Railroads encourage settlement
i.
Railroads reaped profits by selling some of their land to settlers.
ii.
They placed ads to lure homesteaders to the West.
iii.
The Oklahoma Land Run of 1889 opened unassigned Indian land to
settlers.
iv.
Over 50,000 people took part in the rush to stake a claim on these 2
million acres of land.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
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I. Incentives for Settlement
c. Closing of the frontier
i.
In 1890 the Census Bureau issued a report, “there can hardly be said
to be a frontier line.”
ii.
Historian Frederick Jackson Turner stated in a famous essay that the
existence of the frontier made the United States distinctive.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
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II. Migrating West
a.
White settlers
c. European settlers
i.
Middle-class businesspeople
or farmers from the
Mississippi Valley moved west.
i.
Lured by economic opportunity,
they came from Scandinavia,
Ireland, Russia, and Germany.
ii.
They could afford money for
supplies and transportation.
ii.
They brought their farming
experience with them.
b. African American settlers
d.Chinese settlers
i.
Benjamin Singleton urged his own
people to build communities.
i.
Initially came for the gold rush or
to build railroads
ii.
Some fled the violent South.
ii.
They turned to farming, especially
in California, establishing the fruit
industry there.
iii. Rumors of land in Kansas brought
15,000 Exodusters who also settled
in Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois.
iii. Most Chinese were farm laborers
because they were not allowed to
own land.
Objective: Explain which groups of people moved to the West & why they did so
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III. New Way of Farming
a.
New farmers faced
harsh climate,
scarce water, and
lack of lumber.
i.
ii.
Farmers
installed
windmill-driven
pumps and used
irrigation
techniques.
They used the
earth for shelter,
first building
dugouts into
hillsides, then
making sod
houses.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the West
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III. New Way of Farming
b. New farming equipment helped.
i. James Oliver developed a sharper plow edge.
ii. Combine harvesters used one operation to cut
wheat, separate grains, and remove the husks.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the West
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III. New Way of Farming
c. Giant bonanza farms
operated like factories,
and they reaped great
profits during good
seasons.
i. However, they could not
handle the boom-andbust farming cycles
well, and by the 1890s,
most bonanza farms
had been broken up.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the West
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