Transcript The Columbian Exchange: Who benefited, Europe, the

The Columbian Exchange: Who
benefited, Europe, the Americas, or
Columbian Exchange Opener
European explorers and settlers took plants and animals with them to the
Americas and also brought back a variety of new plants and animals to Europe,
Asia, and Africa. This became known as the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE.
Rank the single most important item to go in each
direction and explain why you ranked it that way
Common core argumentative writing
standard
Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and
relevant evidence.
a. Introduce claim(s), acknowledge alternate or opposing
claims, and organize the reasons and evidence
logically.
b. Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant
evidence, using accurate, credible sources and
demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.
c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and
clarify the relationships among claim(s), reasons, and
evidence.
Reviewing Definitions of Argument
•
Argument/Super-Claim: The
overarching idea of an argumentative
essay that makes more than one
claim
•
Claim: a simple statement that
asserts a main point of an argument
(a side)
•
Evidence: support for the reasoning
in an argument; the “for example”
aspect of an argument; The best
evidence is text-based, reasonable,
and reliable.
•
Reasoning: the “because” part of an
argument; the explanation for why a
claim is made; the explicit links
between the evidence and the claim
• Theorist and critic, Neil
Postman (1997) calls
argument the soul of an
education…When teachers
ask students to consider two
or more perspectives on a
topic or an issue,… students
must think critically and
deeply, assess the validity of
their own thinking and
anticipate counterclaims in
opposition to their own
assertions.
CCSS Appendix A
Examples of super-claims
Example #1: If a question prompt says: Evaluate
whether dogs or cats are better: What are the
possible SUPER claims you could have?
What is the QUESTION more than likely
asking?????
Example #2. If one super claim says…
1) Due to physicality, action, and the overall athletic
ability of the players, football is the best sport to
watch.
and a second super claim says
2) Baseball, with its tradition, high skill level, and
appeal to fans from many nations, is absolutely the
best sport to watch.
Choose one of the above… what are the body
paragraphs going to be about based on the claim?
After the evidence comes
the REASONING. This is
where you EXPLAIN how
the evidence supports your
claim (This shows…)
Sample paragraph
Action is the
REASON in the
claim, it is what you
are PROVING using
evidence
Football is absolutely the best sport to watch
due to the intense action. For example, on every
single play all 22 players on the field are
involved. This guarantees that whatever part of
the play you focus on, you will always be
entertained by something happening. Another
fact about the action in football is the play clock.
The clock ensures plays are run every minute or
so, which once again leads to a more enjoyable
The FOR EXAMPLE is the
watch.
EVIDENCE to PROVE football
has more ACTION
Now, annotating the document
Question: Was the Columbian Exchange beneficial to
both Europeans and Native Americans?
• Circle any words you do not know (tier TWO words, used in ANY
subject)
• Highlight ________ the author’s CLAIM (the side he is taking)
• Highlight _______ EVIDENCE, which are EXAMPLES that explain the
claim
• Highlight________ the REASONS/REASONING. These sentences
EXPLAIN how the EVIDENCE relates to the author’s CLAIM
• Rate each paragraph 1-3. A 1 means very convincing and well
explained evidence. A 2 is a so-so job. A 3 means the author FAILED
to convince the reader their claim is true
The Columbian Exchange
Background
Humans migrated from Asia to North America approximately 25,000 years B.C.
Small groups of Europeans, such as the Vikings, made contact with Native
Americans as early as 1000 A.D. However, they made no permanent settlements
and had little, if any, long-term impact. In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed the
west of Europe hoping to reach East Asia. Instead he ran into Americans. This
“discovery” led to an extensive exchange of ideas and animal and plant life.
-Summarize the main idea of the BACKGROUND information:
-Based on the title, what is the author’s CLAIM?
Both Sides Benefited
By “Colombo”
When The Native Americans arrived in North America, the Native American’s
were still in a stone age. They relied only on oral tradition to communicate and
pass on ideas. They had to hoe fields and cut food with sharp stones. They had
to transport products and people on foot. Europeans brought iron-making
technology, sailing ships, wheeled vehicles, and a written language. They also
brought valuable domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, and of
course the horse, which instantly improved the lives of tens of thousands of
Plains Indians.
In about 200 years, the Native American’s took a 2000 year leap forward in
technology. Native Americans would have to wait more than 1000 years for
automobiles, light bulbs, televisions, and computers if Europeans had not
arrived. This technology has improved and lengthened lives. It is estimated that
Native American life expectancy was less than 25 years when Europeans arrived.
Today, it was nearly tripled. Native Americans live in the wealthiest nation on
earth and have the same rights of citizenship and opportunities to succeed as all
other Americans.
Native Americans also benefited morally. When the Europeans arrived,
Native Americans worshiped real and mythical animals and killed men,
women, and children as a sacrifice to them. It is estimated that 5000
people were executed to celebrate Moctezuma II becoming the Aztec king.
Europeans put an end to human sacrifice. And today, most Native
American descent are members of one Christian church or another.
Some historians argue the Europeans brought war and destruction. They
claim Native Americans lived in peace with each other before the
Europeans arrived. But, that is a myth. When Cortes arrived in Mexico the
Tlaxcalans eagerly joined him to fight their historic enemies the Aztecs.
Further North, Europeans arrived to find the Huron fighting the Navajo,
and hundreds of other ancient conflicts.
Despite the ravages of disease, the Native American population in the
United States has now caught up to and surpassed what it was when
Europeans arrived.
When one focuses on what the Europeans willingly brought to North
America, it is clear that Native Americans benefitted substantially.
Only the European Benefited
By “Metamuza”
When Europeans arrived in the “New World” they were indeed generous. They brought
smallpox, malaria, measles, influenza, and bubonic plague. These diseases completely
wiped out the 10 million or so Native Americans on the islands and at least ½ of the more
than 100 million on the Mainland of North America.
But disease is not the only thing that destroyed the Native Americans. Europeans brought
devastating war and conflict. It is true that Native Americans fought each other before
Europeans arrived. But, such conflicts were in small in scale and effect. Since Native
Americans were not capitalist, they were not greedy. Since they did not believe in private
property, there were no huge wars to conquer territory. Since their military technology
was primitive, deaths in war were rare. In fact, it was usually more important to take
prisoners that to kill opponents.
Europeans brought guns and cannons with devastating power. They infected
Native Americans with greed, a disease worse than small pox. They brought a
capitalist economic system that made conflicts much more common and
destructive. Native Americans were sent into the forests to deplete the beaver
population in search of furs. The bison were eliminated, denying food and
shelter to numerous tribes. Native Americans were forced to specialize in single
crop economics creating the ‘sugar islands’ in the Caribbean and the ‘banana
republics’ in Central America.
Perhaps just as important, Europeans destroyed the self-esteem of Native
Americans. Columbus himself summed up the European attitude toward Native
Americans in his journal, “They are the best people in the world… They are
without knowledge of what evil is, nor do they murder or steal… with fifty men
we could subdue them and make servants of them.” Regardless of whether
Europeans were converting or enslaving Native Americans, their racism tinged
every interaction they had. In European nations ‘owned’ the land. The legacy of
racism lives on today.
It is true that Native Americans were technologically inferior to
Europeans. But Native Americans were not far behind and would have
caught up quickly. They incorporated the concept of zero in their
numbering system before Europeans did and developed sophisticated
calendars.
The Columbian Exchange certainly benefitted Europeans. They acquired
corn, the easiest grain to grow. They acquired the potato, which
produces four times more calories per acre that European rye. They
acquired tomatoes and sweet potatoes and untold numbers of herbal
drugs. Native Americans were not so fortunate. In return for their gifts
to Europe, their civilizations were destroyed.
Step two Body paragraphs:
Name 2 pieces of evidence and reasoning from the document that was most convincing to you:
Line #’s
What Evidence is given to support the
claim?
What REASONING explains the evidence?
Now, in groups share your evidence and reasoning with the other side.
Use the accountable talk cards when talking with your group members.
Line #’s
The Other Side of the Issue
Opposing Evidence
Opposing Reasoning
As a group, fill in the rest of the boxes.
Continue to use your accountable talk cards when talking.
Common Ground and Further Questions
Using evidence, we can agree that…
We need further clarification on…
1.
1.
2.
2.
Based on the essays, which side was more convincing? Why?
In your groups, write a claim that explains your viewpoint.
Argumentative writing piece
Was the Columbian Exchange beneficial to both
Europeans and Native Americans?
1. Based on the essays, which side do you think was
more convincing? Why?
2. What piece of evidence/reasoning was MOST
convincing to you (include line #’s)?
3. From the opposing viewpoint, what piece of
evidence/reasoning was most convincing?
Share with your partner:
4. My partner’s claim was:
Prompts to use when sharing
I agree with __________ because….
I don’t understand _________
5. My partner’s best evidence was:
Could you explain that to me in another way?
What I heard you say was….