Transcript Chapter 29 The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949

Chapter 29
Collapse of the
Old Order
1929-1949
The Stalin Revolution:
Five Year Plans
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humble origins
visionary
skillful administrator
rose within the
Communist Party
• eliminated Leon
Trotsky and all rivals
• Ruthlessly
Industrialized the
Soviet Union
The Stalin Revolution:
Five Year Plans
• Oct 1928, Stalin
devised a series of
Five-Year Plans
• Centralized state
control over the
economy
• Industrialization
achieved extremely
rapidly
• No concern for the
environment
Collectivism of Agriculture
• Peasants were
squeezed to pay for the
massive investments
required by the FiveYear Plans
• Provide labor & food for
new industrial workers
• Small farms were
consolidated into large
collectives
• Supplied the
government with a
fixed amount of food &
distributed what was
left among their
members
Collectivism of Agriculture
• Collectivism attempted
to organize the
peasants into an
industrial way of life
and to bring them
firmly under the
control of the
government
• violently suppressed
the better-off peasants
(the kulaks)
• disrupted agricultural
production
• caused a famine that
killed 5 million after
the bad harvests of
1933-34
Collectivism of Agriculture
• The Second Five-Year
Plan (1933-1937) was
originally intended to
increase the output of
consumer goods
• Fear of the Nazi
regime caused Stalin
to shift the emphasis
to heavy industries
and armaments
• Consumer goods
became scarce and
food was rationed
Terror and Opportunities
• industrialization and
collectivization could only be
carried out by threats and by
force
• NKVD (secret police) created
a climate of terror
• SU was able to industrialize
faster than any other country
• Stalinism created new
opportunities
– for women to join the work
force
– for obedient unquestioning
people to rise within the ranks
of the Communist Part, the
military, the government, or
their professions
One of the goals of collectivization was to introduce modern farm machinery. This
poster shows delighted farmers operating new tractors and threshers.
• In the late 1930’s, the contrast between the economic
strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression
troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the
impression that Stalin’s planned economy was a success
The Depression:
Economic Crisis
• consumers cut their
purchases
• companies laid off workers
• small farms failed
• N.Y. banks recalled loans to
Germany & Austria
• They couldn’t pay reparations
to France and Britain
• France & Britain then couldn’t
repay their war loans to the
U.S.
• In 1930, the U.S. passed the
Smoot-Hawley tariff act;
• Other countries followed suit
• world trade declined by 62 %
between 1929 and 1932
Depression in Industrial
Nations
• France and Britain escaped
the worst of the Depression
by forcing their colonies to
purchase their products
• Japan and Germany suffered
much more because they
relied on exports to pay for
imports of food and fuel
• In the U.S., Britain, and
France, governments tried to
stimulate their economies
with Programs like the New
Deal
• Germany and Japan devoted
their economies to military
build-up
• hoped to acquire empires
large enough to support selfsufficient economies
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Depression in Nonindustrialized Regions
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The Depression spread to Asia,
Africa, and Latin America
unevenly.
India and China were not
dependent on foreign trade and
thus were little affected.
Countries that depended on
exports of raw materials or on
tourism were devastated.
In Latin America, the Depression
led to the establishment of
military dictatorships that tried to
solve economic problems by
imposing authoritarian control
over their economies.
Southern Africa boomed during
the 1930’s.
The increasing value of gold and
the relatively cheaper copper
deposits of Northern Rhodesia
and the Belgian Congo led to a
mining boom that benefited
European and South African mine
owners.
The Rise of Fascism:
Mussolini’s Italy
• In postwar Italy, thousands of
unemployed veterans and
violent youths banded
together to demand action,
intimidate politicians, and
serve as strong-arm men for
factory and property owners.
• Benito Mussolini, a former
socialist, became leader of the
Fascist Party and forced the
government to appoint him
prime minister.
The Rise of Fascism:
Mussolini’s Italy
• Mussolini installed
Fascists to all
government jobs and
crushed all opposition
– excelled at propaganda
and glorified war
– foreign policy was
cautious
• The Italian Fascist
movement was imitated
in most of Europe, Latin
America, China, & Japan
Hitler’s Germany
• Germany was hard-hit by:
– its defeat in WWI
– the hyperinflation of 1923
– Depression
• blamed socialists, Jews, and
foreigners
• became leader of the
National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (Nazis)
• led unsuccessful uprising in
Munich in 1924
• In 1925, published Mein
Kampf
– his racial theories
– his aspirations for Germany
– proposal to eliminate all Jews
from Europe
Hitler’s Germany
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Nazis gained support from the unemployed and from property owners
Hitler assumed the post of chancellor in March 1933 and assumed dictatorial power
declared himself Fuhrer of the “Third Reich” in August 1934
Hitler’s economic and social policies were effective
led to an economic boom, low unemployment, and rising standards of living
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Public Works Contracts
Military Build-up
Women encouraged to give up their jobs to men
The Road to War,
1933-1939
• Hitler’s goal was
territorial conquest
• Built up military
• Tested the reactions
of other powers by:
– withdrew from the
League of Nations
– introduced
conscription
– established an air
force
– Italy invaded Ethiopia
in 1935, and Hitler
sent ground troops
into the Rhineland in
1936
The Road to War,
1933-1939
• No serious objections from France, Britain, or
U.S. Hitler invaded Austria in 1938 and
demanded German-speaking regions of
Czechoslovakia
Why was the response to Hitler so
weak?
• Appeasement
– Fear of war
– Feared
communism
more than
Germany
– Believed Hitler
could be trusted
Munich Agreement: Neville Chamberlain, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Edouard
Daladier, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano
After Munich?
• Hitler could not be stopped
short of war
• March,1939, he invaded
Czechoslovakia
• Inspired France and Britain
to ask for Soviet help
• Hitler and Stalin were
already negotiating the
Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Divide Poland between
them
Nazi-Soviet Pact
East-Asia, 1931-1945:
The Manchurian Incident of 1931
• Ultranationalists,
believed Japan could
end its dependence on
foreign trade if it had a
colonial empire in
China
• Junior officers blew up
a railway in Manchuria
• Excuse for invasion
• Built heavy industries
and railways and sped
up rearmament
• At home, government
became more
authoritarian and
militaristic
Chinese Communists and the Long March
• Challenge to Chiang-Kai
shek came from Communist
Party
• Chiang arrested and
executed Communists,
forcing those who survived
to flee to the remote
mountains
• Guerilla warfare & policies
that won the support of the
peasants
• Forced them to Shaanxi in
1935
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/longmarc.gif
Mao Zedong
1893-1976
• Farmer’s son
• Deviated from traditional
Marxist-Leninists
• Redistribute land from the
wealthy to the poor
peasants to gain peasant
rather than industrial
worker support for a social
revolution
• Advocate of women’s
equality
• Party reserved leadership
positions for men, (for
warfare)
Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
• July 7, 1937, Japanese
troops attacked Chinese
forces near Beijing
• Then they launched a full
invasion of China
• U.S and the League of
Nations made no efforts to
stop the Japanese invasion
• Chinese troops were poorly
led and trained
• Unable to prevent Japan
from controlling the coastal
provinces