Transcript Document

AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
4. Effective listening
Lecture by Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
based on
Clella Jaffe’s Public Speaking
Effective listening
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A good listener is a good speaker
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Learn how to listen and you will prosper, even from
those who talk badly
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Be a selfish listener
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1. Listening Skills are valuable
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1. Problem = Listening
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2. Strategies to improve (solve) (problem) listening
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1. Listening Skills are valuable
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Listening is the communication skill we use most
and study least
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Listening is hard work
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Good speakers should develop good listening
skills to make critical listening one of their most
valuable assets
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1. Listening Skills are valuable
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Why should we develop good listening habits and skills?
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1. We listen most: because we listen so much, we will be
more productive, if we do it well
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2. Good listening skills are good job skills
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3. Listening empowers people and aids social capital
(relationship)
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2. Barriers to Listening
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The process of listening involves a number of
difficulties
» Cultural
» Linguistic
» personal
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2.1 Cultural Barriers
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A person, who is not aware of the cultural context,
can not fully grasp the speaker’s cultural allusions,
including historical, literary and religious sources
(Joke)
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The professional speaker should be sensitive to
these differences and explain allusions or choose
areas of common knowledge
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2.2 Linguistic Barriers
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The potential for linguistic misunderstandings is
great because of
» 1. Language differences
» 2. Vocabulary Differences
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2.2.1 Language differences
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A shared language is vital for understanding
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Interpretation (translations) is needed, if the listener
does not understand (decode) the speaker’s
language
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Accents and dialects can hinder the listener's ability
to distinguish the words he/she hears
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2.2.2 Vocabulary Differences
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If the speaker uses field-specific terminology
(jargon?), the listener will not be able to understand
the meaning of the words
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2.3 Personal Barriers
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A number of personal factors can hinder your
listening
» Physical factors
» Physiological factors
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2.3 Personal Barriers
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Physical factors:
» Hearing loss
» Sleep deprivation
» Hunger pangs
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Can affect the ability of the listener to focus on the
speech
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2.3 Personal Barriers
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Psychological factors:
» Just had an argument with a friend
» Have a test coming up in your next
class
» Your bank account is overdrawn
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Can obstruct your listening
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2.3 Personal Barriers
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Stereotypes and prejudiced:
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When you have a stereotypes, you listen to the
speaker with pre-formed judgments, which may be
either positive or negative
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3. Strategies to improve Listening
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How can we develop critical listening skills
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3.1 Use cultural and mental schemas to organize
and understand message, because they follow a
somewhat predictable patterns
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3.2 Identify listening goals
For each type of listening, you shift your strategies
to face your listening goals more effectively
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3.1 Improve your Comprehension
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Comprehensive listening or listening to learn is a
vital skill in many areas of life
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Several techniques can help improve listening
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Prepare in advance
Use attention directing strategies
Enhance the meaning
Look for organizational patterns
Use strategies that complete your personal learning
style
Do not ignore the speaker’s manner
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3.2 Improve your Critical Listening Skills
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Critical listening implies that listeners should not
believe everything they hear (examples)
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Critical listening skills builds on comprehensive
listening
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4 Practice Dialogical Listening
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4.1. Give Appropriate Nonverbal Feedback
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While listening to a public speech, you provide
feedback, often nonverbal but sometimes verbal
» Posture
» Distance
» Movements
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4 Practice Dialogical Listening
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4.2 Give Appropriate Verbal Feedback
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Verbal feedback is direct since you interact with the
speaker
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The listener should write his/her comments or
questions in order to ask the speaker during the
question-and-answer period
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5. Different types of questions
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4.2.1 Loaded Questions
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4.2.2 Closed Questions
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4.2.3 Open questions
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4.2.4 Clarification Questions
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4.2.5 Requests for Elaboration
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4.2.6 Comments
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Improve your listening
skills:
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Identify your listening problems and work to correct them.
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Motivate yourself to get everything you can out of messages.
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Put problems and biases aside so that you can listen more
effectively.
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Control your reactions to trigger words and other distractions.
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Postpone judgments until you have heard all a speaker has to say.
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Don’t try to write down everything a speaker says.
Listen for the main ideas.
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