Transcript CHAPTER 10 “INTRO TO PLANTS” p. 259

CHAPTER 9
“INTRO TO PLANTS”
p. 240
Plants
Plants must have:
- 285,000+ species of cell walls -for
plants.
support.
- All have tissues and
chloroplasts - to
“organs”.
make their own
food.
“Photosynthesis”
Plants first started in the oceans.
- the oldest fossil is 420 million years
old. (p. 241)
- it had no “real” leaves or roots.
It had to adapt to living
on land.
1) cell walls -provides
support and
structure.
-stops cells from
drying out.
2) cuticle
- a waxy covering.
- keeps water in.
Plants are placed into nine phylums.
1) Nonvascular Plants
- do not have any
vessels or tubes to
transport water or
food.
-called bryophytes
- the most simple of
plants.
-are seedless.
Ex. mosses,
liverworts.
(p.247)
- must live near
moist areas.
- no true roots.
- but has root-like
structures called
rhizoids.
Vascular Plants
- have vessels or
“tubes” to transport
water and food.
2) Seedless Vascular Plants
- have tissues to
transport water
and food.
- produce spores
instead of
seeds.
Ex. ferns,
horsetails.
(p. 249 - 250)
Fern-like plants were dominant during
the dinosaur era.
- temperatures were
much warmer back
then.
- some as large as
trees.
- most live in warm,
moist areas today.
Many ferns formed into today’s
layers of coal and oil.
This process takes millions of years and
lots of pressure.
Ferns have rhizomes
(roots)
and fronds
(leaves).
Ferns produce spores for
reproduction.
- form under the
fronds in cases
called sori.
- they look like
brown bumps.
Other seedless plants:
1) Horsetails
(p. 250)
- ‘scouring rushes’
- very common 300
million years ago.
- most types now
extinct - only one
genus left.
2) Club mosses
3) Spike mosses
- 800+ species.
- look like small
evergreens.
ASSIGNMENT:
WORKSHEET
“SIMPLE PLANTS”
3) SEED PLANTS
(p. 252)
- 250,000+ known
species.
- the seed is the
reproductive organ.
There are two types of seed
plants.
1) Gymnosperms
ex. Pine, spruce.
(p. 256)
- means “naked seed”
- not protected by a
fruit.
- gymnosperms
do not have
flowers.
- produce seeds
inside a cone.
-also called conifers.
- are vascular plants.
2) Angiosperms
- are the flowering
plants.
- means “closed
container seed”.
- produce seeds
inside a fruit *
- many have “showy”
flowers like roses,
lilacs, or tulips.
-some have flowers
that are barely
visible.
- like grasses.
There are TWO classes of angiosperms.
1) Monocots
ex. corn, tulips,
grasses.
A) Have veins
which run parallel.
B) Monocots have
one cotyledon in
their seed.
- a source of food
for the developing
plant.
- the seed cannot
be split into two.
C) Monocots have
flower parts in
“threes”.
• Ex. Three petals
D) Monocots have scattered
vascular bundles in their stems.
Dicots
A) have branched
veins.
B) have flower
parts in 4’s or 5’s.
C) Dicots have two
cotyledons.
D) Have vascular
bundles in rings.
Monocot or Dicot?
DICOT
MONOCOT
MONOCOT
DICOT
ASSIGNMENT:
QUESTIONS P. 251 (4 + 5)
QUESTIONS P. 260 (2 + 3 + 5)
PARTS OF A COMPLEX PLANT
- must have roots, stems, and leaves.
Roots
- water and minerals
used by the plant
enter through the
root.
- anchors the plant.
- slows erosion.
Two types of Roots:
1) Tap root
Ex. carrot,
radish, beet.
- thick - grows
almost straight
down.
- - used to store
food
2) Fibrous root
Ex. Grasses,
trees.
- forms a “web”
of roots.
Both types have root hairs.
- are a single cell
wide.
- absorbs water
and nutrients.
Stems - support leaves and flowers.
- have vascular
tissues that connect
the roots to the
leaves.
1) Xylem
- transports water
and nutrients from
the roots to the
leaves.
2) Phloem
- transports food from the leaves
to other parts of the plant.
Cambium
- growth
tissue.
- makes the
xylem and
the
phloem.
- makes the
stem grow
wider.
Two Types of Stems:
1) Herbaceous
- soft, flexible, green.
Ex. most flowers,
grasses.
2) Woody
- inflexible.
- “hard”.
- provides more
support than
herbaceous stems.
Ex. Trees.
ASSIGNMENT:
WORKSHEET
“VASCULAR PLANTS”