Bioethanol Technologies in Africa
Download
Report
Transcript Bioethanol Technologies in Africa
Bioethanol Technologies in Africa
Bothwell Batidzirai
UNIDO/AU/Brazil First HighLevel Biofuels Seminar in
Africa (30 July–1 August 2007)
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Contents
Overview
Drivers of bioethanol fuel
African experiences
Lessons learnt
Barrier analysis
Action plan
Conclusions
Key Drivers of Bioethanol
Energy security
Reduction of oil imports
High oil prices
Environmental commitments
Rural development opportunities
Diversification of agricultural industries
Lead/MTBE phase out programs
Global Ethanol Production
Sugarcane
Ethanol production
doubled to 46 Gl in 20002005
Projected to 60-75 Gl in
2010
Growth mainly in US,
Brazil, China
13 countries using ethanol
fuel in 2003
At least 30 countries
have/plan to introduce
ethanol fuel programs
Maize
Wheat, beet
Bioethanol costs by feedstock
Source: Davis, 2007
Ethanol production in Africa
Annual production (million litres)
Egypt
30
Kenya
15
Mauritius
23
Nigeria
30
South Africa
410
Swaziland
13
Zimbabwe
25
Other Africa
92
Total
638
Malawi
~
18 Ml/yr
Source: FO Lichts, 2007
Country
Bioethanol experiences in
Africa
Blending programmes
Zimbabwe – blending from 1980-1992
Malawi – blending since 1982
Kenya – blending since 1983-1993
New programmes
South Africa – new programme in 2007
Ethiopia – E5 mandate in Addis in 2007
Nigeria – Brazil partnership to create BioCity
Sudan – new programme in 2007
Pan African Cassava Initiative
Zimbabwe ethanol program
Motivation
Sanctions, security of supply, saving foreign currency,
low sugar prices
Success factors
Public-private partnership
Local material (60%), construction and labour
Well developed agriculture & industry
Clear pricing policy
Well planned implementation strategy
Food-fuel dilemma not critical (sugar export crop)
Zimbabwe ethanol program
Annexed distillery at Triangle (40 Ml pa)
Blending at 13-18%
1992 drought reduced feedstock drastically
Resuscitation attempts failed
Economic reforms favoured export of ethanol
Triangle maximised sugar production for export
Current plans to resuscitate blending in 2007
Malawi ethanol program
Motivation
Costly imports, security of supply (regional instability)
Success factors
Clear & consistent policies including incentives &
competitive pricing
Steady availability of feedstock
Availability of irrigation water (Lake Malawi)
Dwangwa plant produces 15-20Ml pa since 1982
Plant cost $8mln, savings $32mln (1982-1990)
Blending at 15-22%
New plant at Nchalo with capacity of 12 Ml pa
Kenya ethanol program
Madhvani project failed due to costly design
Muhoroni plant annexed to sugar mill has capacity
of 60kl/day, cost $15 mln
Blending at 10%
Project continuously registered losses due to
uncompetitive pricing
Also poor management, resistance from oil
companies, loan servicing burden
Blending discontinued in 1993
Ethanol currently being exported
New Ethanol Fuel Initiatives
South Africa
Ethanol from maize programme (155 Ml pa)
Mandatory E10 blending legislation pending
Biofuels strategy being developed
Nigeria
Using Brazilian model & partnership to start bioethanol
programme
Presidential Initiative on Cassava & ethanol from
cassava plant in Niger with China
Ethiopia: Staggered E5 blending programme starting with
Addis
Sudan: New 10-year sugar strategy include 250 Ml
ethanol plant at Eljazeera
Lessons Learnt
Government support critical (not control)
Clear, consistent, sustained policies
Capital and pricing incentives
Close public-private partnership
Supportive institutional framework
Local construction & early capacity building
Simple designs & avoiding too rapid expansion
Sustained feedstock availability
Preparedness for weather induced feedstock shortages
Comprehensive program of action
Barriers
Lack of clear, consistent long term policies
Lack of government support
Lack of supportive institutional framework
Lack of technical expertise
Capital intensive nature of projects
Lack of access to affordable finance
Arable land and water availability (droughts)
Limited availability of feedstock
Competition with food production
Market uncertainty due to fluctuating oil, sugar
prices
Action plan
Capacity building
Stakeholder awareness raising on benefits,
opportunities, technologies, policies
Awareness raising on project development, financing
strategies
Technical expertise development
Training in sustainable feedstock production
Training in equipment fabrication, civil works ,
production and maintenance
Training in biotechnologies and yield improvement
Action Plan
Policy development
Establish a consultative industry strategy
Develop implementation plan incl institutional structure
Develop supporting policies e.g incentives &
supporting regulatory framework
Establish pricing formula for ethanol
Research, Development & Demonstration
Develop bioethanol research programme
Conduct long term research on feedstocks, technologies
Establish continuous market and policy review
International knowledge sharing
Establish international knowledge sharing forum
Promote joint RD&D
Conclusions
Enormous potential for bioethanol fuel
Significant benefits already demonstrated
Government support critical to project success
Mandates and incentives important for market
transformation
Clear & consistent policy framework important
Need for ensuring & monitoring sustainability of
programs w.r.t food-fuel dilemma, maintaining
environmental integrity