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An Overview of Interpreting
Ren Wen, Professor, PhD
College of Foreign Languages & Cultures,
Sichuan University
• I. Brief History of Interpreting
1. Interpreting as a practice
1.1 West: Pharaoh’s pictographs almost 6,000 years ago
China: Zhou Dynasty (11th-7th Century BC)
（先秦时已有“象”“译”“寄”“舌人”“狄鞮 ”等官
员）
1.2 West: 1st oriental language school established in the 14th C
China: 1st foreign language school established in 1289
（元帝忽必烈建“回回国子学”）
1.3 West: Christopher Columbus in the 16th C.
China: 明代永乐年间建“四夷馆”（1407）清朝顺治年间
建
四译馆(1644)
2. Interpreting as a profession
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Paris Peace Conference in 1919
Invention of simultaneous interpreting in the 1920s
Nuremberg Trial between 1945 and 1946
AIIC (International Association of Conference Interpreters)
established in 1953
3. Interpreting as research
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Early writing period (1950s-early 1960s)
Experimental period (1960s-early 1970s)
Practitioners’ period (late 1960s-early 1980s)
Renewal period (mid 1980s-now)
Daniel Gile in Mona Baker, Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. 42-43
II. Understanding Interpreting
1. What is interpreting?
Interpreting is the oral transposition of an
orally delivered message from a source
language to a target language. Its aim is to
bridge the language and cultural barriers in
the intercultural communication.
To interpret is to communicate
interculturally with the message sender and
the message receiver whose languages and
cultures are unknown to each other.
Key words:
Source Language
Target Language
Culture
Communication
• 2. What is culture?
dominant culture (umbrella culture) vs.
subculture (co-culture)
• 3. What is communication?
verbal communication vs. non-verbal
communication
intracultural communication vs.
intercultural communication
• III. Types of Interpreting
1. Classification based on the temporal modes
of working
1.1 Consecutive interpreting
a. monologue (one-way) interpreting
b. dialogue (two-way) interpreting
1.2 Simultaneous interpreting
a. regular conference SI
b. whispering
c. sign language interpreting (chuchotage)
1.3 Sight Interpreting
Interpreting
Consecutive
monologue
(one-way)
Dialogue
(two-way)
simultaneous
spoken
(conference CI)
whisper
signing
2. Classification based on the spatial modes
of working
2.1
2.2
Live interpreting
Remote interpreting
Interpreting
live
consecutive
remote
simultaneous
telephone
TV
Internet
• 3. Classification based on the nature of the
event
conference interpreting
liaison interpreting/community interpreting
Interpreting
conference
consecutive
simultaneous
liaison
medical
interpreting
court
interpreting
business
interpreting
community
interpreting
guide
interpreting
• 4. Classification based on settings
conference interpreting
diplomatic interpreting
business interpreting
court interpreting
medical interpreting
guide interpreting
media interpreting
……
Interpreting
conference
medical
court
media
business
diplomatic
IV. Process of Interpreting
1. Listening & Comprehension
1) comprehension on first hearing
2) “standard language” & “nonstandard language”
2. Memorization
1) Long-term memory
2) Short-term memory
3) Note-taking
3. Reconstruction
1) Mandarin
2) “Standard English”
V. Criteria for Interpreting
What are the criteria for written translation?
V. Criteria for Interpreting
1. Faithfulness/Fidelity
2. Expressiveness/Fluency
3. Quick Response
VI. Qualifications of Interpreters
What makes a qualified interpreters?
VI. Qualifications of Interpreters
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KL (knowledge of language)
ELK (extralinguistic knowledge)
Interpreting skills
Sound psychological quality
Professionalism
1. Knowledge of Language
1)
2)
3)
4)
At least a bilingual
Comprehension on first hearing
Large vocabulary
A fluent speaker
2. Extralinguistic Knowledge
1)
2)
3)
4)
General knowledge/Common sense
Subject/Domain knowledge
Contextual/Situational knowledge
Cultural knowledge
3. Interpreting Skills
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Listening for sense
Memorization
Note-taking
Attention splitting
Public speaking
Figure switching
Summarization
Coping tactics
Cross-cultural communication competence
Advance preparation
4. Sound psychological quality
5. Professionalism
http://www.aiic.net
http://www.atanet.org
http://www.ausit.org
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