Transcript Document

Irrigation System Performance
in Egypt
Presented By
Prof. Mohamed Nasr Allam
June, 2004
Water Uses in Year 2000
Sector
109 m3 /Year (bcm)
Agriculture
63
Municipalities
4.6
Industry
4.2
Inland Navigation
0.20
Hydropower
-
Fisheries
-
Total
72
Water Resources in Egypt
Sources
109 m3 /Year (bcm)
2000
2020
Nile River
55.50
57.50
Shallow GW
5.50
7.50
Deep GW
0.80
2.75
-Nile
Delta
-Nile Valley
-Unofficial
4.50
5.00
3.00
8.50
5.00
3.00
Wastewater Reuse
0.20
2.00
Rainfall
0.50
1.50
---
0.25
(3.00)
(2.00)
72.00
86.00
Drainage Water Reuse
Desalinization
Losses
Total
Main Canals
Mediterranean Sea
Mahmoudia
Canal
Damietta
Faraskour Dam
Salam Canal
Zifta
Barrage
Nobaria
Canal
Beheiri
Rayah
Mansouria Canal
Menoufi
Rayah
Delta
Barrage
Tawfiki
Rayah
East Naga Hammadi Canal
Naga
Hammadi
Barrage
Pump
Stations
Isna
Barrage
Callabia Canal
Bahr
Yousef
Ibrahimia Canal
Ismailia
Old Aswan Dam
High Aswan Dam
Irrigation Directorates
Mediterranean Sea
Mahmoudia
Canal
Beheira
Barrage
Gharbia
Menoufi
Rayah
Nobaria
Canal
W Beheira
Nasr
W
Dakhlia
Zifta
Kafr Elshaeikh
Nobaria
Damietta
Faraskour Dam
Salam Canal
Elsalam
E Dakahlia
Mansouria Canal
Sharkia
Delta
Barrage
Menoufia
Beheiri
Rayah
Tawfiki
Rayah
Giza
Ismailia
Salhia
Qaliobia
Fayoum
W Menya
Ibrahimia Canal
Beni Suef
E Menya
Naga
Hammadi
Barrage
East Naga Hammadi Canal
Assuit
Sohag
Callabia Canal
Pump
Stations
Qena
Isna
Barrage
Aswan
Old Aswan Dam
Toshka
High Aswan Dam
Water Distribution
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Primarily for agriculture and M&I
Diversions from the Nile river stem to Rayahs and main canals through
barrages / pump stations
Diversions are made from the main canals to secondary canals, branch and
distributary canals. Then to mesqas (50-200 feddans), from which water is
lifted to the field
Continous flow in main and secondary canals; rotational flow in the
branch and distributary canals
Rotations:
- two-turn rotation : 7 days on and 7 days off
4 days on and 4 days off
- Three-turn rotation : 5 days on and 10 days off
The total length of the irrigation network is more than 30,000 km
Management is carried out by 26 irrigation directorates
Water Balance for Year 2000
Evapotranspiration
38.00
Losses
3.00
Agriculture
Consumption
1.75
Rainfall
0.50
Sea
M&I
55.50
13.25
HAD
Overall Efficiency =
Consumption
Inflow
=
38 + 1.75
55.50 + 0.50
= 71%
Improvement of System Performance
On – Farm Practices
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Land leveling
Maintenance of mesqas
Modern irrigation in the new land (about 0.5 million feddans)
Gated and perforated pipe system for sugarcane
Replacement of old mesqa with improved one (Irrigation Improvement
Project, IIP)
- Open elevated mesqa (15 cm above field level), with
rectangular or J-section
- Low-pressure PVC pipeline mesqa, provided with risers at a
spacing of 100m. Each riser is controlled by an alfalfa value
Improved Field Ditch (Mesqa)
IIP pilot areas in Egypt
Improvement of the Main System
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Rehabilitation of Grand Barrages (Esna in 1995, and Nagaa Hammadi
at Present)
Continous rehabilitation / replacement of old small structures (intakes,
cross regulators, tail escapes, etc.)
Remodeling of the canal cross-sections to increase the storage capacity
of canals during the non-irrigation times (night time)
A telemetry system was installed in more than 800 locations on the
irrigation network. The system enables collecting real-time data on
water flow (depth, volume, discharge, etc).
Automation pilot projects (serry canal in El-Menya, Bahr Saghir in
Dakahlia, and Bahr Youssef in Fayoum and Beni Suif)
- Motorized gates
- Programmable controllers at each regulator
- Remote control
Institutional Reform and Stakeholders
Participation
1.
Water Users Associations

Initiated in late 1970s (EWUP, 1977)

Expanded through the IIP project (1989); at present there are
5,700 WUAs with 236,477 farmer members, of which about
4,000 are operational

Responsible for mesqa operation and maintenance

Technical support is furnished by IAS
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Federation of WUAs at Branch canal level (BCWUAs)
2.
Water Boards
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At the branch canal level
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At present a federation at a district level (40,000 fed.) is being
formulated
3.
Integrated Water Management Districts (IWMD)
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Pilot projects are selected in a number of districts in upper
and lower Egypt
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Decentralized decision making process at the district level

Integrated management of available water resources at the
district level (GW, SW Drainage Water Reuse, etc.)
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Water quality management
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Stakeholders participation
4.
Institutional Reform Unit

Involvement of private sector in irrigation services

Support decentralization
5.
Water Communication Unit

Comprehensive public awareness program to support the
various water management activities
Performance Indicators
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overall efficiency = 71% in spite of the prevailing
surface irrigation method. It is planned to increase GW
utilization and drainage water reuse to increase the
efficiency above 80%
IIP improved water availability along the mesqa to
ensure fairness and equity. Also improvements in crop
yield (5-30%) are recorded
IIP resulted in reduced irrigation cost by about 50%
(single lifting point)
Farmers satisfaction with irrigation services in more than
8 million feddans
Thank You