Transcript No Slide Title

CAUSE 2000
Energy Choices for the Next Millennium:
Costs and Consequences
The Mid-Atlantic States
Deborah Feder
Introduction
Overview
• Energy is used for heating, cooking, lighting, cooling,
appliances, among other uses.
• Renewable energies have only made a modest contribution
to the U.S. supply mix, contributing 8% in 1996.
• The primary sources used to supply end-uses have been
fossil fuels and fossil fuel/nuclear electricity.
• Dependence on these sources is problematic because they
involve the U.S. in trade disputes, environmental problems,
and create scarcity.
• This project introduces a framework for addressing energy
related scarcity and degradation that draws on the laws of
thermodynamics and a device called the nexus of relations.
Matching Energy To EndUses
Laws of
Thermodynamics
• Energy has both quantity and quality
• The first law of thermodynamics explains energy
quantity: matter and energy cannot be created,
consumed, or destroyed.
• The second law of thermodynamics or the
entropy law explains energy quality: energy is
converted from high-quality, highly ordered
forms to lower-quality, disordered forms.
Energy Quality
• High-quality energies such as electricity, coal,
natural gas, nuclear, and petroleum are highly
ordered and concentrated.
• Lower-quality energies such as heat or solar
thermal have a high degree of molecular disorder.
• High-quality sources are capable of providing all
end-use services.
Matching Sources to End-Uses
Example
natural gas
Input Energy
End-Use Technology furnace
heat
Useful Energy
Service Technology house
space heat
Energy Services
warmth
Human Needs
Example
coal-electric
furnace
heat
house
space heat
warmth
Example
solar thermal
passive solar design
heat
house
space heat
warmth
• Human needs can be met by many energy inputs.
• Space heating can be satisfied with high-quality,
nonrenewable natural gas or coal-electric or lowquality solar thermal heat.
.
End-Uses and Ecological Degradation
• When high-quality energy is used for low-quality
tasks, the extra quality or unused energy is
released into the environment creating
degradation.
• Ecological degradation can come in forms such
as greenhouse gases, radioactive waste, and air
pollution.
Million Metric Tons of Carbon
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from
U.S. Residential Sector, 1996
200
180
181
160
140
120
100
80
77
60
40
20
1
27
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Energy Source
Electricity
Nexus of Relations
The Concept of Energy
• The nexus of relations examines the concept
of energy as a social construction.
• It suggests that the word energy has multiple
meanings. These meanings are defined by
academic, social, technical, spatial, political,
cultural, and ecological relations.
Nexus of Relations
Technical
Academic
Social
Ecological
ENERGY
Spatial
Political
Cultural
...
The Social Construction of Energy
• For example, energy can be understood as:
• an issue in carbon legislation-- ecological, political,
and cultural relations;
• housing design--political, spatial, cultural, social
relations.
• a matter of convenience--cultural, social, ecological
relations...
• Since energy is defined at different relations
along the nexus, problems associated with its
use should also be addressed at these sites.
Concept of Scarcity
• Scarcity occurs when there is more demand for a
source than supply. It occurs when there are
unlimited human wants and fixed resources.
• It is not a naturally occurring condition, but
created by social relations.
• Social relations define what energies are
considered to be resources at different periods of
time. Social relations define human wants.
• Reliance on electricity for heating causes more
demand on electricity than necessary since there
are viable renewable options that are available for
space-heating purposes.
Social Construction of Scarcity
• Scarcity is socially constructed when there is a
contraction in supply. This occurs when
particular renewable energy sources are not
emphasized or overlooked in the U.S. supply mix.
• Scarcity is also created by an expansion in
demand. This occurs when particular nonrenewable energy sources, such as electricity, are
used for multiple end-uses.
Residential Energy Use
A Contraction in Supply
• Residential energy consumption accounts for 20%
of total U.S. energy consumption.
• The Mid-Atlantic states account for 14% of
residential energy consumption.
•
New York ranks third in the nation for residential
energy use. Pennsylvania ranks sixth, and New
Jersey ranks tenth.
U.S. Residential Energy Use
100%
80%
No Fuel used
70%
Other
60%
Electricity
50%
Fuel Oil
40%
Coal/Coke
30%
Wood
20%
Utility gas
10%
Bottle Gas
Year
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
0%
1940
% Energy Used
90%
Renewable Energy
• Renewable energies account for a very small
proportion of residential energy use.
• In 1996, the residential and commercial sector
used .553 quadrillion Btu of solar and bio-fuel
energy, or 7.7% of the United States renewable
energies.
Renewable Energy Consumption in Residential and
Commercial Sectors
0.8
Quadrillion Btu
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Total
Biofuels
Solar
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Year
1995
1996
1997
Residential Energy Use
in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.
Residential Energy Use in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.
100%
No Fuel used
Other
Electricity
Fuel Oil
Coal/Coke
Wood
Utility gas
Bottle Gas
60%
40%
20%
Year
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
0%
1940
% Energy Used
80%
Residential Energy Use
in Pennsylvania
Residential Energy Use in Pennsylvania
100%
90%
80%
No Fuel used
Other
Electricity
Fuel Oil
Coal/Coke
Wood
Utility gas
Bottle Gas
% Energy Used
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1940
1950
1960
1970
Year
1980
1990
Residential Energy Use in
Centre Co. Pennsylvania
Energy Map of Centre Co. PA
1.0
solar
coa
l
.5
Factor 2: Renewable/Coal
wood
oil
lpg
0.0
electricity
gas
-.5
-1.0
-1.0
-.5
Factor 1: Modern Fossil Fuel
0.0
.5
1.0
Rotated Component Matrix and Variance
heating fuel-electricity
heating fuel-gas
heating fuel-LPG
heating fuel-oil
heating fuel-solar
heating fuel-wood
heating fuel-coal
% Cumulative Explained Variance
Factor 1 Factor 2
.978
.972
.953
.881
.743
.729
.662
55.3
76.3
Expansion of Demand
Electricity End-Uses, 1993
Other
Appliances
22%
Ranges
3%
Air
Conditioning
14%
Space
Heating
12%
Freezer
4%
Clothes Dryer
5%
TV
7%
Lighting
9%
Water
Heating
10%
Refrigerators
14%
Percent of All Households
Main Space-Heating Fuel by
Year of Construction
1991-1993
1988-1990
Fuel Oil
Electricity
Natural Gas
1985-1987
1980-1984
1970-1979
1960-1969
0
10
20
30
40
Year of Construction
50
60
Solar Thermal Shipments
By End-Use
LowTemp.
Collectors
MediumTemp.
Collectors
HighTemp
Collectors
Water
Pool
Heating Heating
4
6,766
Space
Heating
51
Space
Cooling
0
785
21
754
6
10
0
7
0
End-Use--Nexus of Energy
Relations Model
• Electricity is not well matched in energy quality to
to the task of home heating. When it is used,
unncessary scarcity and degradation are created.
• The reason why it is used for heating is because
of relations in society that define electricity as a
primary energy resource for home heating.
• These factors include electricity’s low cost,
infrastructure, subsidy, and accessibility--social,
political, cultural, technical, academic relations.
Conclusion
• Renewable energy is a viable energy source for
residential end-uses such as home heating.
• It is not widely used because of relations in
society that advance fossil fuel and electricity
use for all end-uses.
• For renewable energy sources to be widely used
in the next millennium, the concept of energy will
have to be rethought in many realms... housing
design, policy, subsidies…etc.
• In the Mid-Atlantic, Pennsylvania, and Centre
Country this means displacing non-essential
fossil fuel and electricity use with renewable
sources.
The Southwest Regional Group
Obiefune Ezekoye
Patrick Flynn
Erik Noble
James Ryan
Objectives
• Determine the energy needs of three southwest
metropolitan areas.
• Determine what renewable energy resources are
available in our selected areas
• Examine the scientific and technological
principles underlying theses renewable energy
sources.
• Devise plans for the implementation of renewable
energy to fit the needs of our selected area.
Selection of Area
NAVADA
• This study first focused on a
regional scale examining the
states of California, Nevada,
and Arizona
• Later a smaller scale focus was
applied to San Diego, Phoenix,
Las Vegas
Establishing a Baseline
Several factors were examined for determining an
adequate baseline
– Demographic
•
•
•
•
•
Population
Population growth rate
Geographical area
Population Density
No. of Households
-Energy
• Total Residential
Electricity use
•Electricity by sources
•Energy losses
-Fiscal
•Median household
income
•Electricity costs
Renewable Energy Resources
• From available literature
and studies we determined
that the following
renewable resources are
present in our region:
–
–
–
–
Solar
Geothermal
Wind
Biofuels
Technology of Renewables
Implementation
In moving toward a sustainable society steps must be
taken to bring the research from the laboratory or
classroom to the “real world.”
Next semester the SW group plans to focus on the
social, economic, and political costs of
implementing renewable energy sources.
Northwest Micro: Seattle
Northwest Micro: Seattle
Topics of Research for Sustainable Energy
Use:
•
•
•
•
Energy – Scott Bair
Economic Concerns – Bryan Fatzinger
Policy – Terri Roberts
Environmental Impacts – Shawn Blair
Defining the Seattle region
 Seattle City Light (SCL)
service area
 SCL is the sole electricity
provider for the city of
Seattle.
• More detailed information
• Limits the number of
variables
• Allows us to make a more
accurate assessment of the
region’s sustainability.
Sources of Electricity for SCL
Coal
14%
Hydroelectric
75%
Nuclear
5%
2%
Biomass
2%
Natural Gas
2%
All others
$80.00
$70.00
Seattle
Washington D.C.
$60.00
San Antonio
$50.00
Memphis
New Orleans
$40.00
Houston
$30.00
Denver
Columbus
$20.00
Jacksonville
Milwaukee
$10.00
$0.00
500 kwh
1000 kwh
1998 Average R ate per K Wh
S eattle
Natio nal
9
8
7
Cents/K Wh
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R e side ntia l
C o m m e rc ia l
Industria l
G o v e rnm e nta l
Average Annual C onsum ption per
R esidential C ustom er
S eattle
Natio nal
Consumption per Customer (K Whs)
10800
10600
10400
10200
10000
9800
9600
9400
1994
1995
1996
Year
1997
1998
Average Annual C onsum ption per
C om m ercial C ustom er
S eattle
Natio nal
Consumption per Customer (K Whs)
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1994
1995
1996
Year
1997
1998
Average Annual C onsum ption per
Industrial C ustom er
S eattle
Natio nal
Consumption per Customer (K Whs)
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
1994
1995
1996
Year
1997
1998
Average Annual C onsum ption per
Governm ental C ustom er
S eattle
Natio nal
Consumption per Customer (K Whs)
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
1994
1995
1996
Year
1997
1998
C o n s e rv a tio n P ro g ra m S a v in g s (M W h )
R e s id e ntia l
C o m m e rc ia l/Ind /Go v't
To ta l (M W h)
700000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1991
1990
1989
1992
Ye a r
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
0
1977
S avings (MW h)
600000
E n e rg y C o n s u m ed & S a v e d p e r Y e a r
Consum ed
Saved
10,000,000
Energy (MW hrs)
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
YE A R
1991
1993
1995
1997
C ost per K Wh
$0.30
Biomass
$0.25
H ydrogen
Wind
$0.20
P hotovoltaic
$0.15
Solar P ond
Coal
$0.10
Nuclear
H ydroelectric
$0.05
$0.00
P rice
kWh 1991
P rice
kWh 2000
F uture
kWh
SEATTLE – ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
CURRENT Issues & Concerns
1. Hydropower Dams



Decommissioning – Cost / Impact
Salmon Migration at Dams
Environment Surrounding Dams
 Water quality
 Ecological effects
• Solar /
Photovoltaics



Climate variability
Efficiency
Production


Energy intensive
Harmful to the
environment
SEATTLE – ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
CURRENT Issues & Concerns
3. Wind Power

Noise Pollution

Bird Kills

4. Coal Generation

Geographic limitations

Gaseous Atmospheric Emissions

CO2, PM, Sox

Waste material (ash)
Extraction From the Earth

Mining and excavation
Northwest Micro: Seattle
• Economic considerations when implementing new
energy sources:
 The production costs of the new sources of energy
compared to the old ones.
 The amount of jobs lost or gained in switching sources.
 And the return on investment that newer, cleaner
sources will provide the city.
• All of these issues are being considered in the
implementation of renewable energy sources in
Seattle
The Northwestern United States
Garrett Fitzgerald