Transcript Aim:

Aim: How did the Enlightenment in
Europe come about?
The Scientific Method
http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html
Major Figures of the Scientific
Revolution
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Galileo
Kepler
Vesalius
Harvey
Newton
Galileo (1564-1642)
proved the heliocentric theory
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Galileo.html
Kepler (1571-1630)
demonstrated how planets orbit the earth
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Kepler.html
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Founder of modern anatomy
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_vesalius.html
Harvey (1578-1657)
explained the circulation of blood
http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/harvey.html
Newton (1643- 1727)
formulated the laws of gravity
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Newton.html
What does it mean to be
“Enlightened?”
The Enlightenment
(1700s)
Enlightened thinkers believed in
• Science and natural law (that laws govern
human nature)
• Rationalism (the power of human reason)
• People can live by these laws and solve
society’s problems
Enlightened Principles
• End to injustice, inequality, and superstition
• Tolerance of all religions
• Breakdown of institutions like the Church
that were corrupt and were not based on
natural law and human reason
Peterson’s AP Success World History 3rd Edition
SALONS
• Salons were parlors
where people met to
have enlightened
discussions.
• Guests would include
philosophes, writers,
poets, and artists.
• Both men and women
attended salons.
• One of the great salons
was hosted by MarieTherese Geoffrin.
Voltaire attended her
salon.
The Chinese Influence on the
Enlightenment
• In 1601 an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci
began a Catholic mission in China.
• By 1700 the Catholic mission had converted
about 250,000 Chinese to Christianity.
• The Europeans there were very welleducated and the Board of Astronomy was
placed under their charge until 1838.
Columbia.edu
Ricci in China
Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi(徐光啟) (right)
in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements (幾何原本).
1602 map of Far East by Ricci
Images wikipedia
European Views of the East
• The Europeans in China wrote home about
the advanced culture of the Chinese during
the 18th century.
• This inspired European thinkers because the
Chinese were not Christian, and yet
maintained a moral society.
• The form of government was most inspiring
to European philosophes.
Columbia.edu
Chinese Government
• Although he was seemingly an absolute monarch,
the Chinese emperor was limited by Confucian
principles.
• “The people are the most important element in the
state; the sovereign is the least.”
• The Chinese were viewed as a land that did not
have an unfair feudal system. Their government
was admired because of the civil service exam.
Columbia.edu
Google images
Is this surprising?
The Chinese had other ideas that traveled
to the West!
Shutterstock.com
http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:awO8lbGH2QYJ:afe.easia.columbia.edu/chinawh/web/s10/ideas.pdf+A+Chinese+Cinderella+columbia&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1
Google images
Famous Figures of the
Enlightenment
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Kant
Locke
Hobbes
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Beccaria
Immanuel Kant
http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/kant.htm
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~mgamer/Etexts/kant.html
“Enlightenment is man's
emergence from his selfimposed immaturity.
Immaturity is the inability to
use one's understanding without
guidance from another. This
immaturity is self-imposed
when its cause lies not in lack
of understanding, but in lack of
resolve and courage to use it
without guidance from another.
Sapere Aude! [dare to know]
‘Have courage to use your own
understanding!’--that is the
motto of enlightenment.”
(1784)
Q: Why do you think it takes courage to
become enlightened?
John Locke
Sec. 87. Man being born, as has been proved,
with a title to perfect freedom, and an
uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights
and privileges of the law of nature,
equally with any other man, or number
of men in the world, hath by nature a
power, not only to preserve his
property, that is, his life, liberty and
estate, against the injuries and attempts
of other men; but to judge of, and
punish (those who break) that law…
because no political society can be, nor
subsist, without having in itself the
power to preserve the property…of all
those of that society…”
-Two Treatises of Government
1690
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1690locke-sel.html#CHAPTER%20II:%20Of%20the%20State%20of%20Nature
Thomas Hobbes
“The condition of man
[in the state of nature]
…is a condition of war
of everyone against
everyone.”
Q: Why do you think Hobbes
was a supporter of Absolutism?
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/hobbes.html
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/cduncan/220/rousseau2.doc
Montesquieu:
The Spirit of the Laws, 1748
“In every government there are three
sorts of power; the legislative; the
executive, in respect to things
dependent on the law of nations; and
the executive, in regard to things that
depend on the civil law…
The political liberty of the subject is a
tranquility of mind, arising from the
opinion each person has of his safety.
In order to have this liberty, it is
requisite the government be so
constituted as one man need not be
afraid of` another.”
http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Mon2
Fordham.edu
MONTESQUIEU
SEPARATION OF POWERS
B ran c h es
of
G overn m en t
E xecu tive
B ran ch
L eg is lative
B ran c h
Ju d icial
B ran ch
Q: Why would ‘one man not need be afraid of another’ if the powers of government were
Divided among different branches?
Voltaire: A Treatise on
Toleration (1763)
• Chapter 22: On Universal Tolerance
• It does not require great art, or magnificently
trained eloquence, to prove that Christians
should tolerate each other. I, however, am going
further: I say that we should regard all men as
our brothers. What? The Turk my brother?
The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The
Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all
children of the same father and creatures of the
same God?
Fordham.edu
Modern History Sourcebook:
Cesare Beccaria:
Essay on Crimes and Punishments
“No man can be judged a criminal until he be found
guilty; nor can society take from him the public
protection until it have been proved that he has violated
the conditions on which it was granted. What right, then,
but that of power, can authorize the punishment of a
citizen so long as there remains any doubt of his guilt?
This dilemma is frequent. Either he is guilty, or not
guilty. If guilty, he should only suffer the punishment
ordained by the laws, and torture becomes useless, as his
confession is unnecessary. If he be not guilty, you torture
the innocent; for, in the eye of the law, every man is
innocent whose crime has not been proved.”
Fordham.edu
Aim: To what extent did the
Enlightenment have global effects?
Enlightened Despots
Is this term an oxymoron?
Frederick II:
Essay on Forms of Government
“Rulers should always remind
themselves that they are men like the
least of their subjects. The sovereign is
the foremost judge, general, financier,
and minister of his country, not merely
for the sake of his prestige. Therefore,
he should perform with care the duties
connected with these offices. He is
merely the principal servant of the
State. Hence, he must act with honesty,
wisdom, and complete disinterestedness
in such a way that he can render an
account of his stewardship to the
citizens at any moment. Consequently,
he is guilty if he wastes the money of
the people, the taxes which they have
paid, in luxury, pomp and debauchery.
He who should improve the morals of
the people, be the guardian of the law,
and improve their education should not
pervert them by his bad example.”
Social studies school service
Fordham.edu
Catherine the Great
(ruled 1762–1796)
• 13. What is the true End of
Monarchy? Not to deprive
People of their natural Liberty;
but to correct their actions, in
order to attain the supreme
Good.
• 33. The Laws ought to be so
framed, as to secure the Safety
of every Citizen as much as
possible.
• 34. The Equality of the Citizens
consists in this; that they should
all be subject to the same Laws.
Draft of a Russian law code by Catherine in 1767
Fordham.edu
Social studies school service
Q: Based on what we have learned about Catherine the Great,
do you believe she was truly enlightened?
Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)
• Ruled as coregent
with his mother
until 1780
• Joseph’s reforms
• Religious
toleration
• Control over the
Catholic Church
• Abolition of
serfdom
Social studies school service
Japan
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CLOSED COUNTRY EDICT OF 1635
1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.
2. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do
so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and
its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority.
3. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to
death.
4. If there is any place where the teachings of the [Catholic] priests is
practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation.
5. Any informer revealing the whereabouts of the followers of the priests must
be rewarded accordingly. If anyone reveals the whereabouts of a high ranking
priest, he must be given one hundred pieces of-silver. For those of lower ranks,
depending on the deed, the reward must be set accordingly.
6. If a foreign ship has an objection (to the measures adopted) and it becomes
necessary to report the matter to Edo,1 you may ask the Omura2 domain to
provide ships to guard the foreign ship. . . .
7. If there are any Southern Barbarians3 who propagate the teachings of the
priests, or otherwise commit crimes, they may be incarcerated in the prison. . .
.8. All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of the
priests.
Wfu.edu
The Western Influence on Japan
• Western ideas penetrated Japan via the Dutch
despite the Tokugawa policy of isolationism.
• Except for books on Christianity, a ban on western
books was removed in 1720.
• In 1736 the importation and translation of Dutch
literature on astronomy were ordered by the
shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa.
• There were translations of western books on
physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography,
navigation and military tactics.
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/APM/TXT/low-m-02-96.html
A Chinese account of the West
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Hsieh Ch 'ing kao (1765-1822) was illiterate and went blind during the course
of his travels. Thus the places he had seen were deeply etched in his memory.
Toward the end of his life, he dictated his account to one of the local
schoolboys. While it is possible that he traveled to America, as his excerpt
suggests, it is more likely that he heard tales of the invention of the steamship
rather than saw.
(Portugal) "Religion plays a dominant part in the lives of these people.
Whenever anyone would commit a crime, he would go to the priest in the
church and confess his sins and repent, after which he would be absolved by
the priest. The priest is strictly forbidden to tell others what he has heard; he
would be hanged if he did so. When a king ascends the throne, he does not
take a new reign title, but follows the Christian calendar. There are also
womenfolk who withdraw from the world and live apart in convents.
(America) is a small isolated island in the middle of the ocean. It could be
reached by sailing west for about ten days from England. Formerly it was part
of England but now is an independent country, although the customs and
practices of the two countries still remain alike.
Q: Why is it likely that Hsieh had not visited America?
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/hai-lu.html
Africa
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Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria, was just 11 years old when he was kidnapped
into slavery. He was held captive in West Africa for seven months and then sold to
British slavers, who shipped him to Barbados and then took him to Virginia. After
serving a British naval officer, he was sold to a Quaker merchant from Philadelphia who
allowed him to purchase his freedom in 1766. In later life, he played an active role in
the movement to abolish the slave trade.
“My father, besides many slaves, had a numerous family, of which seven lived to
grow up, including myself and a sister, who was the only daughter. As I was the
youngest of the sons, I became, of course, the greatest favorite of my mother, and was
always with her; and she used to take particular pains to form my mind. I was trained up
from my earliest years in the arts of agriculture and war; and my mother adorned me
with emblems, after the manner of our greatest warriors. In this way I grew up till I was
turned the age of eleven, when an end was put to my happiness in the following
manner:--Generally, when the grown people in the neighborhood were gone far in the
fields to labor, the children assembled together in some of the neighborhood's premises
to play; and commonly some of us used to get up a tree to look out for any assailant, or
kidnapper, that might come upon us; for they sometimes took those opportunities of our
parents' absence, to attack and carry off as many as they could seize.”
Newsreel.org
Diagram of the slave ship
Brooks
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter5.shtml
TRIANGLE TRADE
http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/students/his3487/lembrich/seminar52.html
THE MIDDLE PASSAGE
• http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/students/h
is3487/lembrich/seminar53.html
The Plight of Africans is revealed to
the West
• http://courses.wcupa.edu/wanko/LIT400/Af
rica/Equiano.htm
How were women affected by the
Enlightenment?
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On Julie de Lespinasse
From Memoir of Baron de Grimm
Her circle met daily from five o'clock
until nine in the evening. There we
were sure to find choice men of all
orders in the State, the Church, the
Court,-military men, foreigners, and the
most distinguished men of letters.
Every one agrees that though the name
of M. d'Alembert may have drawn them
thither, it was she alone who kept them
there. Devoted wholly to the care of
preserving that society, of which she
was the soul and the charm, she
subordinated to this purpose all her
tastes and all her personal
intimacies…Politics, religion,
philosophy, anecdotes, news, nothing
was excluded from the conversation,
and, thanks to her care, the most trivial
little narrative gained, as naturally as
possible, the place and notice it
deserved. News of all kinds was
gathered there in its first freshness.
http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/classes/cluster21/wiki/index.pl?SalonLife
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
“It would be an endless
task to trace the variety of
meannesses, cares, and
sorrows, into which
women are plunged by the
prevailing opinion, that
they were created rather to
feel than reason, and that
all the power they obtain,
must be obtained by their
charms and weakness”
http://www.bartleby.com/144/
Kaibara Ekken or Kaibara Token:
Greater Learning for Women in Japan
(1762)
• More precious in a woman is a virtuous heart than
a face of beauty. The vicious woman's heart is ever
excited; she glares wildly around her, she vents
her anger on others, her words are harsh and her
accent vulgar. When she speaks it is to set herself
above others, to upbraid others, to envy others, to
be puffed up with individual pride, to jeer at
others, to outdo others,--all things at variance with
the "way" in which a woman should walk. The
only qualities that befit a woman are gentle
obedience, chastity, mercy, and quietness.
Fordham.edu
Which areas of the world were affected
by the ideas of the Enlightenment?