Transcript The Muslim Empires

The Muslim Empires
AP Chapter 21
Early Ottomans
• Expansion
• Middle East, north Africa, Europe
• Dominate Mediterranean
Military Dominant
• Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility
• Janissary infantry
– Conscripted youth from conquered peoples
Constantinople
• Commercial center
– Government control of trade, crafts
– Artisan guilds
• Turkish prevails
Decline
• Infrastructure insufficient
• Dependent on conquest
– End of conquest brings deficiencies
• Regional leaders divert revenue
• Sultans less dynamic
Military Reverses
• Janissaries
– Stop military, technological reform
• Lepanto, 1571
– Lose control of eastern Mediterranean
• Portuguese outflank Middle East trade
– Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean
– Victories over Muslim navies
• Inflation
– Caused by New World bullion
Safavids
• Shi’a
• Persian bureaucrats, language and traditions
• Abbas I (1587-1629)
– supports international trade
– Islamic culture
– Building projects
Ottoman and Safavid
Society and Gender Roles
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Warrior aristocracies
Artisans patronized
International trade encouraged
Women lose freedom
Safavid Decline
• Abbas I
– Removes heirs
– Weak grandson inherits
• Isfahan taken by Afghanis (1772)
Mughals
• Babur
– Driven from Afghanistan
– Invades India (1526)
• Akbar
– Reconciliation with Hindus
• Din-i-Ilahi Religion
– Blend of Islam and Hinduism
– Toleration
Akbar Reforms
• Women
– Position improved
– Widows encouraged to remarry
– Child marriages discouraged
– Sati prohibited
• Akbar’s death ends reform
– Women’s position declines
– Sati spreads among upper classes
Mughal Empire 17th Century
• Cotton trade to Europe
• Jahangir and Shah Jahan
– Continue toleration
– Less energetic
– Support arts
• Taj Mahal
Mughal Decline
• Aurangzeb succeeds Shah Jahan
– Programs
• Rule all India
• Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint
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Programs cause discontent and expensive
Revolt
– Local leader autonomy
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Hindus excluded from high office
– Non-Muslims taxed
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Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule
Summary
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Similarity
Military/political power
Artistic/cultural renewal
Spread Islam
Turkic nomadic culture
Military conquest
“Gunpowder” empires
Absolute monarchs
Taxed populations
Failed to meet European
challenge
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Difference
Mughals ruled mostly nonMuslims
Safavids were Shi’a
Mughals and Ottoman were
Sunni
Mughals attempted but
failed in religious and
gender reform