Transcript Introduction to Psychology

Psych. DMA
1. Define maturation
2. As men advance through middle adulthood,
they experience a gradual decline in….
Don’t forget to write down the question and leave
room for your answer.
Today’s Agenda
• DMA
• Reminders
• Piaget
▫ Issues
• Child Dev.
▫ Harlow
▫ Ainsworth
▫ Freud
Homework:
▫ Chap. 4 Test – Dec. 1st
▫ Chap. 4 Notes – Dec.1st
▫ FRQs # 3 due Wednesday
▫ Self-Experiment – due Monday, Nov. 28th
▫ Summative Test – Dec. 6th
▫ Chap. 4 Review Session – Nov. 29th, 2:15-2:45, Wheeler’s room
Please bring your chapter notes
on Wednesday…
You may have time to work on
them 
Problems with Piaget
Big thought:
Development is NOT learning.
Issues with Piaget's study
• Piaget studied his own kids. (Not really an
issue - his findings were applicable and are
still used.)
• Separate stages - distinct stages may not be
accurate.
• Ages in stages may also be off.
However, Piaget is still the basis of
experiments.
Shinskey & Munakata (2003) found infants had
advantage searching in the dark vs. searching under
a thing in the light.
• One explanation - the appearance of the
coverlet interferes with baby's new, tenuous
ability of representing an object mentally.
• Another explanation is evolutionary.
Searching for things in the dark is more
evolutionarily advantageous than for things
hidden in the light.
Scher, Amir & Tirsh (2000) findings indicate
that babies with more advanced grasp of object
permanence experienced significantly fewer
sleep disturbances than those with lower levels
of object concept.
(In other words - you sleep better when you know where
your stuff is.)
Social Development
 Stranger Anxiety
 fear of strangers that infants commonly display
 beginning by about 8 months of age
 Attachment
 an emotional tie with another person
 shown in young children by their seeking closeness
to the caregiver and displaying distress on
separation
Social Development
 Harlow’s Surrogate
Mother Experiments
 Monkeys preferred
contact with the
comfortable cloth
mother, even while
feeding from the
nourishing wire mother
 Introduction
 Scaring the monkey
Social Development
 Critical Period
 an optimal period shortly after birth
when an organism’s exposure to certain
stimuli or experiences produces proper
development
 Imprinting
 the process by which certain animals
form attachments during a critical period
very early in life
Social Development
 Monkeys raised
by artificial
mothers were
terror-stricken
when placed in
strange
situations
without their
surrogate
mothers.
Mary Ainsworth
• Researched what infants would do when placed
in new situations (without parents)…
Mary Ainsworth
Findings:
▫ Secure attachment
 Infant was confident to explore the environment
(when parent was present)
 Became distressed when parents left.
 66%
▫ Avoidant attachment
 Resist being held by parents & will explore
environment.
 Do not go to parents for comfort when they return
 21%
Mary Ainsworth
Findings:
▫ Anxious/ambivalent attachment




Ambivalent reaction to parents
May show extreme stress (when parents leave)
Resist being comforted by parents
12%
Freud's Stages of Development
Definition of the Unconscious
According to
Freud:
A reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts,
wishes, and feelings.
According to Contemporary
Psychology:
Information processing of
which we are unaware.
Freud's concept of personality says
Human personality (including emotions and
strivings) arises from a conflict between our
aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological impulses
and the internalized social restraints against
them.
Personality is the result of our efforts to resolve
the conflict.
This conflict centers on 3 systems
Id
Urge to satisfy basic drives:
• Survival
• Reproduction
• Aggression
Major factor of the Id is the Pleasure Principle
- if the id is not restrained by reality, it seeks
immediate gratification.
Superego
Moral imperatives of what is right.
Voice of conscious forces the ego to think about
how things OUGHT TO BE.
Basically the Superego is fighting the Id and
therefore the Ego must balance.
Ego
Seeks to gratify the Id's impulses in realistic ways.
(Sometimes this is referred to as the Reality
Principle.)
Contains partly conscious perceptions, thoughts,
judgments, and memories.
Ok, Wheeler, what the heck
does this have to do with kids?
Freud's Psychosexual stages of
Development
Basically, Freud separated out development via
the Id's focuses.
When the Id's pleasure seeking energies focus on
the distinct pleasure sensitive area of the body
(i.e. erogenous zones) a different developmental
stage is reached.
Stage
Focus
Oral
(0-18 months)
Pleasure centers on mouth: sucking, biting,
etc
Anal
(18-36 months)
Bowel and bladder elimination: coping with
demands for control.
Phallic
(3-6 years)
Genitals. Coping with incestuous feelings
and gender identity.
Latency
(6 years - puberty)
Dormant sexual feelings
Genital
(Puberty on)
Maturation of sexual interests
Reading Assignment
Please read page 577.
Begin at Personality Structure.
Read through page 579 and stop at Defense
Mechanisms.