Transcript Diapositiva 1

About 3000 b.C Greece was a rocky and scantily fertile
country. The islands of the Aegean Sea were almost
inhabitated, Crete was the unique exception.
Few people habited Crete about the 6000 b.C.; usually
hunters, farmers, stockbreaders and potters.
Some potters founded in Crete had a high quality (well
painted, well neats and well decorated).
Certainly commerce were between Crete, Asia Minor
and Egypt. Crete was in the area of influence of
the phoenicians and the egiptians. Export trade
favoured the change of ideas, technology and
culture.
This period of the Bronze Age hardly lasted 1500 years,
between the 2600 b.C to the 1100 b.C, that was an
age and a culture that have been called “minoan” name taked from Minos, a legendary king of the
island-.
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At the XIII century b.C. the ancient
kingdoms in Greece were
attacked.by unknown warriors.The
result was a global war: Troya.
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The rivality of the Aegean´s cities drived to an increase of piracy and
military forces.
The Troya´s War is the principal theme of a book: the Iliad (from “Ilion”, the
ancient name of the city).
The Iliad is the story of the first writted war between two different cultures.
It described a greek campain against the phoenician city of Troya.
The story starts when Helen, the Sparta´s* queen that fall in love by a
Troya´s prince, Paris. His husband, Menelaos, wont revenge and called his
brother Agameon, king of Mycenae* to help him.
As the principal king of Greece, Agameon transformed a little expedition of
punnishment to a very big expedition with more than 1,000 ships and
100,000 men.
The best greek warriors of all went with Agameon, Menelaos and his fleet
across the Agean Sea. The battle continued along 10 years.
In a serie of duels most of trojean´s and greek´s heroes dyed.
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*Sparta: name of a ancient greek polis. Esparta was the most fighting city
of the antiquity.
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*Mycenae: name of another city at the ancient Greece, near the istmus of
Corinth.
The Odyssey tell us that at the end of the war the greeks made a very big
horse made of wood that left in front of the city as a present while the
greek fleet went away. But this a tramp, inside the horse were hided
the best greeks warriors. The trojeans entered the horse in the city and
at night the greeks went out the horse and open the doors of the city.
Meanwhile the greek fleet tourned back and attacked.
 MARATHON
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Date: 490 b.C.
Forces:
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Persians: 20.000-25.000 men
Greeks: 10.000
Localization:42 km north from Athene
Deads:
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Persians: 6.400 men
Greeks: 192 men
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A fleet made of 600 triremes transported the persian army across
the Agean Sea to Marathon, near Athene.
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At the same time the athenians sent their hoplitas with a little
Platea*´s force to the north. Miliciad, the most fighting athenian
warrior, gave the order and the greeks attacked. The persians were
surprised by the greek infantery, ordered in close formation direct
to the enemy. The persian line was destroyed at the flanks. In the
centre was the greek phalanx. This last was broken by a low a hail
and the Persians´s auxiliary´s axes. The battle finished when the
persians tried to go back to their ships.
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*Platea: name of a small greek polis.
 THE BLOCKADE OF
SYRACUSA
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Date: 415-413 b.C.
Forces:
Athenians:30,000 men
Spartans: 3,000 men
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Localization:Syracusa, at the east of Sicyle.
Deads:
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At the year of 413 b.C the athenians sent an expedition to capture
the city of Syracusa because it was an allied of Sparta. The
objetive was to kill the defenders by hungry. But 3,000 spartans
arrived and change the situation. Weakness, epidemies and the
lack of medecines do the rest. At last 7,000 athenians were
defeated and their generals were executed.
All the athenians forces.
THE ATHLETE
The mental and physique capacity had military involvements.
The future soldiers (nowadays and before) must be in good
form to defend their city. The stadiums and the gyms must
secure future soldiers.
At the classic age, in all the greeks polis the gyms were
public places. The atletic reunions were religious and practical
ones.
THE MASCULINE BODY.
Another basic element was the beauty of the male undress
since women couldn´t enter in the stadiums. The female
nudity only was in fashion in the greeks temples at the V
century b.C.
The winners of the olimpic games were almost gods for a day.
The winners won only a crown made of olive´s leaves, taken
from the forest of Olympia, that gave a physique link with
gods and other criatures.
THE OLIMPIC
GAMES
The olimpic games were celebrated every 4 years. They were
celebrated in a small town called Olympia, built in a sacred
forest called “Altis” near Cronos mountain.
The first olimpics games ever celebrated were at 776 b.C,
when Koribis –athlete from Elis- won the stadium´s running.
This were the sports :the stadium´s runnin´g, putting the
shot, pancration, long jump, running and racehorses.
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After an easy infancy the boys were
sent to school to became a model of
soldier, of cityzen or politician. Maybe
women only learnt things to be good
wifes and good mothers.
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When a boy reach 7 years old, goes to school with the
help of a paidagogos ( a very special slave). The
paidagogos went with him anywhere. There was a law
that say that the children couldn´t be at the street at
night, so the classes started half an hour after dawn
and it finished half past before the twilight. The classes
were in teachers´s home and the boys learnt to read,
write, maths and music.
To the girls was very different, the slaves taught them
how to be good cookers, wifes and mothers.
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When a boy was 12 years old learnt physical education
(in this age this is the most important subject to the
greeks). The classes were in the palaistra, a big clear
space. The teacher of this subject was the paidotroves.
The boys did this exercise undress . Then they ``have a
shower´´ to be clean. The school finished when the boy
was 18 years old.
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ATHENE AND THE SEA
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At the 480 b.C Athene had a fleet of 200 ships. At the 477b.C was
created the Delos League, Athene was the most important member
of the League; it had the biggest navy of the Aegean Sea. To be
oasman in a trireme was a big honor for the youngmen. But have a
cost. The athenians docks had been Greece as a dessert almost
without trees.
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SPARTA AND THE LAND
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All men in Sparta was a soldier. Only the strong people could live in
Sparta. When a boy was 7 years old he left his house to learnt how
be a well soldier. In Sparta almost had no food and the boys usually
stole.
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THE SPARTAN ARMY
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6 mora-1 mora: 4 lochos -1 lochos -4 enemotia
1 mora: 456 men /1 lochos: 114 men / 1 enemotia: 36 men
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DEMOCRACY*
It was originated in Athene. In this age Athene had 50 bosses
or pritans that wrote the laws. All the weeks the athenians
went to a hill near the city to vote, they also chose the 10
generals that defend the city.If in the city were dangerous
people, the pritans could sent them out of the city about 10
years (ostracism).
OLIGARCHY
In this system a king or 2 kings have got all the power, this be
title were transmitted from parents to the 1st son.
TYRANNY
In this system a despot* have got all the power but in this case
the power couldn´t be transmitted anywhere.
*Democracy: it came from the greeks words
``demos´´(people) and ``kratos´´(power).
*Despot: Boss that have got all the power in his hands.
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SOCRATES
He was born at the 470 b.C in Athene. He became famous for
asking people questions about philosophy and ethics. When he
was 70 years old the pritans sent him out the city.
PLATO
He was born at 428 b.C. He wrote a lot of books about maths,
politics and ethics. He also intented to make a perfect politic
system. He created a school near Athene where the boys learnt
philosophy.
ARISTOTLE
He was an alumn of Plato. He was the master of Alexander
Magnum about 3 years. He created a school, the liceum. He
wrote books about politic, science, ethics, music and maths.
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Euclid of Alexandria (Greek: Εὐκλείδης)
(about 325 BC-265 BC) was a Greek
mathematician who lived in Alexandria,
Egypt. Little is known about this person, but
people think he lived there when Ptolomy I
was the pharaoh.
Many people see Euclid as the father of
geometry, which is an important part of
mathematics. His most popular work is
Elements. Many people see the book as
history's most successful textbook. In the
book, Euclid shows the properties of
geometric objects and of whole numbers.
This is the same method as modern
mathematics uses.
It is not known where or when he was born
or why he died.
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Herodotus of Helicarnassus was an
Ancient Greek
historian who lived between 484 BC and 425 BC. He was
probably born in a rich family in Halicarnassus, a town in
south-west Asia Minor (which is now Bodrum, Turkey).
Herodotus is considered to be the "Father of History" for his
writings about the ancient empires of Babylon, Egypt, and
Persia, and about the Ancient Greeks.
He is now most famous for his writings about the wars
between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states. He told
the story from the Greek side but he never saw it becausethe
war was mostly finished when he was still a child.
In his books, Herodotus tells us that he travelled a lot. He
says that he went to what is now Italy, the Ukranie, Egypt,
and Sicily. He often used stories from people he met to write
about other places and happenings.
Some people think that Herodotus wrote about things that
weren´t true. This is possible, but it is also possible that he
thought these things were true. His work is important
because he lived so long ago and there is very little writing on
these subjects from this time.
Greek alphabet
Αα
Alpha
Νν
Nu
Ββ
Beta
Ξξ
Xi
Γγ
Gamma
Οο
Omicron
Δδ
Delta
Ππ
Pi
Εε
Epsilon
Ρρ
Rho
Ζζ
Zeta
Σσς
Sigma
Ηη
Eta
Ττ
Tau
Θθ
Theta
Υυ
Upsilon
Ιι
Iota
Φφ
Phi
Κκ
Kappa
Χχ
Chi
Λλ
Lambda
Ψψ
Psi
Μμ
Mu
Ωω
Omega
The Greek alphabet (indo-european language) is the first and
oldest alphabet, and has givan rise to many others alphabets
used in Europe (Latin alphabet) and Middle East. It has notes:
vowels and consonants with a separate symbol.The letters
were also used to represent numerals, beginning in the 2nd
century BC. Became from the Phoenician alphabet –semitic
language- (not related to linear B or the Cypriot syllabary).
The Greek alphabet arose after the Greek Dark Ages — the
period between the downfall of Mycenar (ca. 1200 BC) and
the rise of Ancient Greece, which begins with the appearance
of the epics of Homer, around 800 BC, and the institution of
the Ancient Olimpic Games in 776 BC.
• ART
• CLASSIC
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• ARCHITECTURE
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After the persians wars, a new tipe of art was born that had as
prime theme the human body.
At the V century b.C this theme grow to study how the human
body work, for example the kourus also called “The boy of
Kritios” (look at the photo downwards) The statue has got a
happy expression and it isn´t symmetrical. The greek art like to
represent all the normal life.
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• HELLENIC
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It was the time of the 7 wonders of the world, and the greek
objects were sold to all the ancient world.
The best sculptures of this age are the Victory of Samocracia, the
Venus of Milo, the fighting gallic and the Pergamo gate.
The potters were painted with different colors and the people sold
more potters.The Roman Empire took from the greeks this tipe of
art and copied it.
The creation of the polis showed an increment of
the religious, and civil buildings. The mayority part
of the normal buildings of the years 600-480 b.C.
were very simple, but the temples were big and
magnificient. The architecture was the most
important art at that time because all the people
could see the buildings. The greeks knew about the
egiptians so could study their temples, and they
made temples with a similar manner.
There was 3 types of columns: dorich, Ionic and
Corinthian.
By the increase of the business some greeks left their
polis to create new cities. Some of this cities had
commercial links with the metropolis.
The creation of the new polis was in same way a reflex of their natal
city with identical politic, laws and temples.
About the VII th century b.C there was greek colonies at the Black
Sea costs, Libya (Ciren),at the south of Italy, Sicily and also at the
south of France. All of these colonies gave commodities: woll of the
north of Ciren, Asia Minor and Italy, cereals from Black Sea cost ,
cereals and clothes from Sicily and papyrus from Egipt…
Sicily was so big that the romans called it ” Magna Graecia”. About the
VII century b.C wer created colonies at the Black Sea. The libyan
colony of Cirene created sub-colonies in Afrika. But Carthage*, a
phoenician colony, was angry with these colonys because they were
a commercial competitor.
A lot of colonies had military problems because of the rise of new
states like Rome, Carthage and Macedonia.
*Carthage: City at the north of Afrika. It was a city of sellers and
traders.
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BIOGRAPHY
He was born in the kingdom of Macedonia at 356 b.C. He was the son of the
king Philip II of Macedonia and Olimpia, his 4th wife.
He was the regent of Macedonia and he carryed the royal seal at his father´s
expedition to Byzantium. When he was 18 years old sent the cavalry charge
that destroy the Sacred Batallion at the battle of Queronean.
When his father was killed he became the new king.
At 334 b.C he crossed the Hellespont with 40,000 men and 10,000 cavalry to
liberate Asia Minor and try to conquest the persian empire. Alexander
thought that he was the son of Achilles. In Egipt, at the Amon temple, the
high priest called him “son of Zeus.”
At the battle he always were on vanguard and he liked to lead the cavalry
charge. Usually he was also the first to climb the walls of a city blockade.
His important victories in Issus and Gaugameal against persians with more
soldiers and weapons ld him conquest all the Persian Empire.
At 327 b.C Alexander was married with Roxan, a persian princess, and he had
a son.
At 326 b.C after the conquest of the Punjab kingdom (at the north of India) he
defeated the king Poros at Hidasps, this was his last battle.
At the 323 b.C he dyed in Babylonia without an official sucessor.
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ISSUS
Date: November of 333 b.C
Forces:
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Macedonians: 35, 000 men
Persians: 110,000 men
Localization: At the centre of Turkey
Deads:
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Date: 326 b.C
Forces:
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Macedonians: 450 men
Persians: 50,000 men
At 333 b.C Alexander had conquested all the north of the
mediterranean cost. The persian king, Darius III, left Babylonia with
a big army, and the two armies meet in Turkey.
Alexander modificate the phalanx -made by 16 men by line-. The
battle was this way: first the phalanx destroyed the centre of the
persian line, mainwhile the cavalry destroyed the flanks. When all
was a brawl Alexander started to pursuit Darius, but he left this
action when the right flank started to broke. The persian king
escaped to fight another time.
HIDASPS
Localization: North-west of the India
Deads:
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Alexander : 6,000 infantery, 5,000 cavalry
King Parvataka: 30,000 men, 100 elefants
Alexander 310 men
King Parvataka 23,000 men
At 326 b.C The Persian Empire were already conquest, Alexander
went to the north of India. This action did not likethe king
Parvataka. A new battle was settled. Alexander divided his forces.
Parvataka put his army on the other side of the river when he found
Alexander nearby. More than 100 elefants had in front of the
bowmen and other infantery. Alexander sent his cavalry behind the
enemies. The light infantery hurted the elefants, they became
nervious and attacked the indian soldiers and allies behind them.
The brawl was bloody, but the men of the king Parvataka left the
battle at the twilight.
This was the last big battle of Alexander the Great.
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The hellenism represent the fusion
of the greek culture with another
cultures.
The words hellenic and hellenistic
came from Helas (Greece) or
Hellene (Greeks).In Greece,
Macedonia, Asia Minor, Egypt and
Persia, Alexander the Great
created a new culture.
When Alexander dyed his generals
fought between them making the
sucessor states.Only the greek
culture survived and the Romans
copied it.
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The end of the Ancient Egypt is a period of change.
Egypt was an hellenistic province , an Roman province
and afterwards a Byzantium province.
At 323 b.C when Alexander the Great dyed, Egypt was a province of
a big empire and Ptolomeo Lagos was the regent. At the 304 b.C
Ptolomeo became the pharaoh and his descendants reigned about
300 years more. The Ptolomeos made the first Egiptian money.
The ptolemaics made temples, statues… but they didn´t oblige the
egyptians to be greeks. The greek-egyptian culture appeared at the
Rosseta stone, write in 3 languages.
Ptolomeo became made his capital Alexandria. Alexandria was the
symbol of the kingdom and his legendary library became an
important place for the greek science.
About the I century b.C the roman appeared in Egypt. The egyptian
liberty finished when Cleopatra VII be allied with the looser in civil
Roman war. The winner Octavius Augustus incorporated Egypt to
Rome as a province.
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The greek world disappeared as all the
empires has, but it gave us a legacy. The
romans brought the greek culture to all
Europe.
The romans became the protectors of
Greece around the II century AC.
When the Roman Empire was divided the
importance of the greek culture increased.
Then a lot of intelligent men read some
greeks books and thought about them.
Without the greeks there weren´t
democracy, nor the french nor the
american revolution.
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SOME GENERAL
INFORMATION
Area: 131 857 km2
Population: 10 561 000
(greeks)
Capital: Athene
Language: modern greek
Religion: Christianity
(98%), Islam (1,5%)
Money: Euro.