Optimal Sampling
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Transcript Optimal Sampling
Engineering and Development:
Good Intentions and Real Solutions
– Water and Sanitation
Thomas Soerens
[email protected]
479-575-2494
Outline
Background: what’s the problem?
Case Studies:
• Maldives
• Amazon
• China
Lessons and Issues
Background: What’s the problem?
The need for clean water
• 1.1 Billion people on earth lack improved water
source (pipe, well, or protected spring).
– 2.7 billion lack sanitation
• 3.4 million people, mostly children, die each year
from waterborne diseases.
– Twenty 747s full of children per day
•Millions of people, mostly women, must walk
for miles and hours to get water.
Access to sanitation is one of the
strongest determinants of child
survival: the transition from
unimproved to improved sanitation
reduces child mortality by a third
Myths, Ironies, Barriers
Myth: They develop immunity
• No they don’t, they die.
Myth: They’re happy
• They don’t want their kids to die.
Irony: High rainfall areas lack clean water
• But quantity = quality to a certain degree
Irony: Poor people pay more for water
than rich people
85% of the richest 20% of the population have
access to water. Only 25% of the poorest 20% do.
In many places,the poorest people get less water,
and they also pay some of the world’s highest prices.
note: $1 per 20 oz bottled water
= $1700 per cubic metre
= ~ 2000 times cost of tap water
Barriers
Barrier: Lack of hygiene knowledge
Barrier: Hard to break tradition
Barrier: Entrenched attitudes
• institutional and personal cynicism
• entitlement, apathy, and dependence
• suspicion
– headhunters
• over respect
– this is beyond us
Possible Solutions - Water
Wells
•
•
•
•
Improved, sealed
Handpumps
Storage
Unintended consequences
– Africa: deforestation, etc.
– Bangladesh: Arsenic poisoning
Rainwater Catchment
• Large or small scale, public or household
• traditional, but currently underutilized
Possible Solutions - Water
Spring capture
Hydraulic ram (uses energy of stream)
Storage and distribution systems
• Well, spring, surface water
• May include treatment, e.g., filter
• Urban
– e.g, Bogotá
• every developed place has piped water
Possible Solutions - Water
Household water treatment
• Household filters (DavNor)
• Chemical additives (Pur)
Education
• Knowledge of hygiene
• Maintenance of systems
Possible Solutions - Sanitation
Latrines, pit toilets
• appropriate?
Septic systems
• infiltration?
Possible Solutions - Sanitation
Sewer systems
• small-bore sewers
• can do at any scale
• treatment!
– O&M
• discharge
• enough water?
Health and Hygiene education
Costs
Case Study: Maldives
Private project in 1988-89
Where’s Maldives?
Maldives
Our Island
Our Island
Maldives Project
RAEMAS - Research And Education in
Mariculture and Agriculture Systems
Water and Sanitation
• People want septic systems
– but would contaminate well water
• Strategy
– build rainwater tanks
– use drain fields instead of pits
Keeping it real
• do you have this
on your island?
• Huriha dhon mihun
bo sakarai
• what did your
mother teach you?
Results
Septic tank conclusions
• given: people were going to build septic
systems
• we came up with a way that reduces the
effects on well water quality
• can educate, influence, but cannot totally
change people
Appropriate Technology
Don’t just export your own technology
• culturally, economically, and technically appropriate
Sustainability
• “sustainability” is broader but includes much of what
we used to call “appropriate tech”
• Five factors (McConville, 2006)
–
–
–
–
–
•
Socio-cultural Respect
Community participation
Political cohesion
Economic sustainability
Environmental sustainability
McConville, J.R. 2006, “Applying Life Cycle Thinking to International Water and Sanitation
Development Projects: An assessment tool for project managers in sustainable
development work”, Michigan Tech, Environmental Engineering MS Report.
Culturally
Appropriate?
Appropriate Technology
Counterpoint
• “Appropriate technology … means good
things for rich people and sh*t for the poor”
– Father Lafontant, “Mountains Beyond
Mountains” p.90
Maldive mistakes
• elevated pit toilets
• community toilets
Case Study: Amazon
Indigenous (Ticuna and Yagua) villages
near Leticia, Colombia, including Brazil
and Peru
• At the request of missionaries
December ’04 and continuing
Leticia, Colombia
Amazon Project - Background
At request of Christian missionary who
works with indigenous pastors
Children were dying of waterborne
diseases.
• Unclean water during rainy season
• Use river during dry season
Amazon Project – Constraints and Assists
Solution needs to make it to village by canoe
• Note: Leticia is 500 miles from nearest highway
Many villages already have water tanks
Most villages do not have sand available
Each village is a little different
• Accessibility, Resources, Buildings, Country
Have relationship in villages through pastors
• some have church buildings
On the Amazon on the way to villages
With kids at a village
A pastor’s wife in front of her church
Pastor’s wife grinding yucca in her home
What’s in there?
Hello boa
Many villages have rainwater collection tanks.
This village also had a well that
yielded good water, although it
went dry during the dry season
Villagers used this pond for bathing and some drinking and cooking
This other village had a well, but it was busted and unused because it
yielded bad tasting water (sulfur taste is the main problem).
This village was on the Amazon itself and was quite developed, including
electricity, yet had pitiful water and sanitation facilities. Here’s a “bathroom”.
Many politicians and government agencies like to help the indigenous
people and have donated rainwater tanks to the villages. You can see
their names on the tanks. Some of the tanks, however, are unused. They
also run out of water during the short dry season.
A main problem in instituting any
type of system is ensuring that the
people use and maintain it and take
responsibility for it. The one below
shows another mostly homemade
rainwater catchment.
The family with the system
above had initiative—they
fashioned a rainwater
collection system out of
materials they had and used
a cloth to cover the tank.
The cloth is a good idea
because it filters out debris
including bird droppings and
keeps critters out of the
water tank.
Senior Design Team Sp. 05
Built a sand filter and a biosand filter side-by-side
• High coliform creek water put through.
• Sand filter removed most fecal coli.
• Biosand filter removed all fecal coli.
Fecal coliform results
Creek water
without filtration
Sand filter
Biosand filter
Biosand Filter
Technical Solution
Rainwater catchment with
• Increased storage
– 3 Tanks in series
• Filtration
– biosand filter
Demonstration Summer ’05: Installed on church
in Zaragoza village
• Pastor and village have reputation for responsibility
• Governor of Amazonas and mayor of Leticia support
this work and said they’d help us put systems on
schools if the demo system works
Construction of filter
Our stuff heading out on the Amazon
Our stuff arriving in Zaragoza
Kids hanging out in the house
Gregorio (the guy who’s doing all the work)
Our system installed
With the pastor,
his wife, and brother
Our audience
Just for Fun: photos around Leticia
Tabatinga, Brazil
|
Leticia, Colombia
Isla de los Micos
Photos at zoo – two anacondas
Woo Tapir Sooeee!
Katie’s trip
Medical clinics up tributary in Peru.
• With 3 people from Fayetteville’s Central
United Methodist
• 2 doctors from Peru; a dentist from
Colombia
The team
Katie preparing medications
Katie preparing medications
Jaime singing with the kids
The boat
On the boat
Katie with an anaconda
5 systems constructed 2006
Rio Loretoyacu, an Amazon tributary in
Colombia
• with John Lawrence, engineer
• with authority of the governor we built
water collection and filtration systems in 5
indigenous (Ticuna tribe) villages.
• systems on schools and health clinics
Peru
Rio Loretoyacu
Colombia
Rio
Amazonas
Brazil
Peru
Leticia
San Juan de Soco
145 people in 30 families
system on health clinic
modified design
Puerto Rico
Especially industrious and precise workers
System on health worker’s residence
Added to his existing tank
Dos de Octubre
woman chief
brought gutter around building
plans for big system
Villa Andrea
not happy to see us;
system on school;
headhunter rumor
San Francisco
larger and more developed than other villages; not real friendly
system on catholic school on top of hill
hooked filter up to existing tanks
photos from various places
The Future
Peru
• ministry of Agriculture
Household systems?
Hygiene education.
Sanitation systems?
China Project
Leon Chen, Kerr-McGee, project leader
• Dick Greenly, Pumps of Oklahoma
• Others
Solar pumps in Zuang villages, Guanxi, China
• Poor area with countless small villages
• Karst geology
• Shorten time and ease work for getting water
Guanxi, China
China Project
Leon and team visited in February ‘05
Went in July ’05 to install pumps
Issues
• Storage of water
• Arsenic treatment?
• Buy goats?
Status
• Leon is living there now with contract to
install thousands of systems
With kids at a village
Lessons and Issues
It’s not that easy
•
•
•
•
Many project fail
It’s hard to change
Everyone is different
The importance of culture
– respect
– anthropology
• positives
• negatives
– human zoo
– Yanomami (-amo, ao, …)
• Language is a big deal
How appropriate.
“Appropriate” does not necessarily mean
low tech
“Appropriate” does not necessarily mean
traditional
Observation: everyone in the world who
has money has piped water to their
home and a flush toilet.
Keeping it going
O&M
financially sustainable?
ownership, responsibility?
stealability?
Community development
• You go to do engineering, but end up
involved in broader scale community
development
– Agriculture, Industry
– Medicine
– Education
Community Responsibility
• Need people in village to take ownership of
project
• Hard to change entrenched attitudes and
habits
• Know who you’re dealing with (e.g.,
culture)
How to Measure?
• by $$$$$ spent?
• by results?
• life cycle analysis?
What can we do?
One of the problems with poor people is
that they don’t have a lot of money
• Funding spread real thin
• Not “cutting edge”
– Nothing new about poor people with bad water
Then again, a lot is happening…
Engineers Without Borders
Church groups
Foundations: Gates, Clinton, etc..
NGOs – PeaceWork, Save the Children,
Care, Heifer international
Look at the positives
Approaches
Do
it BIG!
• Does Foreign aid work?
– http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=1957412
• Democracy and capitalism work
Americans are stingy
• USA ranks 21st out of 22 countries in foreign aid
per capita
• Oh really?
– When you include private giving, USA gives way way
more than anyone else (it’s not close)
The University of Arkansas
Goal: combine academia with practice
• Service Learning
• Research: Build a better mousetrap
– but don’t reinvent the wheel
• Professional musicians, athletes, and you?
– A few get paid; most pay to do it