Transcript IRRIGATION SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE IN GREECE

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WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND WATER
PRODUCTIVITY IN GREECE
A. Karamanos, S. Aggelides and P. Londra
Agricultural University of Athens
Amman
Sept. 30 – Oct. 4
2005
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Population
11,000,000
Area occupied
131,962 Km2
Types of land use

arable
(30%)
 forest
(19%)
 pastures (43.4%)
 others (7.6%)
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Total annual precipitation
116,689 hm3
Annual water potential
70,276 hm3
Annual water consumption
8,200 hm3

agriculture (85%)
 domestic (13%)
 industrial (2%)
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Annual precipitation 116,689 hm3
31,90%
50,90%
17,20%
evaporation
infiltration
runoff
The increased demand for water cannot always be met
despite adequate precipitation. Water imbalance is often
experienced, especially in the coastal and south-eastern
regions, due to the temporal and spatial variations of the
precipitation. This results of the increased water demand
during the summer months and the difficulty of
transporting water due to the mountainous terrain.
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Arable area
38,986 Km2
Cultivated area 34,638 Km2
Irrigated land 14,305 Km2
Total irrigated land
2,81%
24,19%
7,94%
65,06%
crops
vegetables
trees
vines
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The irrigation methods used in Greece are surface, sprinkler
and drip irrigation. The general trend is to abandon
gradually surface irrigation and move on to more efficiency
methods like the sprinkler and drip irrigation.
300.000
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
0
1984
Irrigated area
(ha)
250.000
Year
Surface irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
Drip irrigation
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Water application efficiency
75%
90%
85%
surface irrigation
drip irrigation
Water conveyance and distribution efficiency
70%
95%
85%
earthen
concrete channels
pipelines
sprinkler irrigation
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Crop Water Requirements
The maximum calculated crop water requirements reach a
value of 4,089 Km3 of water and the actual water use is 6,833
Km3. This means that the Total Water Use Efficiency is
60%. This low value is due to a poor land levelling, the aged
water distribution systems, the high percentage of surface
irrigation systems and transportation and distribution of
water (Tsanis et al., 1996).
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Crop Water Productivity
Crop
Production
(kg/ha)
Cubic meters of water used for
actual evapotranspiration-Etc
(m³/ha)
Crop water
productivity
(kg/ m³)
Maize
12000
4980
2.41
Cotton
(not ginned)
3550
4500
0.79
Industrial
tomato
97000
3900
24.87
Watermelons
43000
3570
12.04
Vines
14800
1850
8.00
Potatoes
30000
4800
6.25
Lettuce
36000
4600
7.82
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WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY
1. The hydrological aspects and agronomic management
strategies of WUE and WP




actual evapotranspiration
reference evapotranspiration
crop water requirements
water use efficiency
2. The eco-physiological aspects of WUE and WP
crop water productivity
3. Sustainability and economic aspects of WUE and WP
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