Transcript Document

THINKING THURSDAY
A ladder hangs over the side of a ship anchored in
a port. The bottom rung touches the water. The
distance between rungs is 20 cm and the length of
the ladder is 180 cm. The tide is rising at the rate
of 15 cm each hour.
When will the water reach the seventh rung from
the top?
ANSWER
If the tide is raising water, then it is raising the ship
on water, too. So water will reach still the first rung.
MIDDLE AGES
Spans 476 (Fall of Rome) – 1600 (The Enlightenment)
The High Middle Ages: 800-1300
Marked by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Thriving intellectual life
Standardization of Church Practice and Architecture
New Political and Economic Arrangements
Absolute Christendom
Breakdown of centralized power
Attacks by non-Christian civilizations
Church intertwined with state, social, economic and
military activity
GROWING EAST-WEST TENSIONS
Emperor in Constantinople thought himself the only
Roman emperor  no control over the West
Each side of the “empire” had unique difficulties
which caused its political structure to develop
differently in relation to the Church (i.e., role of
ruler)
Patriarch of Constantinople grew to equal
importance of the Pope in Eastern Christianity.
the west didn’t share the same regard for the PoC
 tensions developed over who had the right to
make decisions
REMEMBER- PAPAL PRIMACY
East-West Tensions
Westerners speak Latin
Easterners speak Greek
What are some problems that might occur?
Differences in practices developed – ex: rules about
fasting, celibacy of clergy
Spirituality of the East tended towards experiencing
the mystical, whereas the West sought to explain
mysteries
THE EAST-WEST SCHISM
Building since Chalcedon in 451
Final Split: 1054 - fundamental issue: authority
of the Pope
OTHER BIG ISSUES:
1. Western Changes
2. Language: Greek v. Latin
3. Customs such as celibacy v. married clergy
4. Church-State relationships – Pope was very involved in politics
5. Iconoclastic Controversy: images as idolatry?
6. Filioque Controversy
7. Papal Primacy
EAST-WEST SCHISM
Iconoclast Controversy 725-843
Icon (image) Clast (break)
Background
-Judaism and Islam discourage/condemn the use
of images of the sacred
- Christianity had a tradition of sacred imagery –
seen as helpful especially for the illiterate
726 Eastern Emperor Leo outlawed icons as
idolatry and had 1000’s destroyed (he was
backed by the Partiarch of Constantinople)
RALLY ROBIN – 20 SEC WITH YOUR
FRONT/BACK PARTNER
How can/do Icons help you in
your faith life?
Do you think Icons are more
helpful or harmful? Why?
ICONS
Pope Gregory II :Eastern Emperor did not have
the authority to interfere
Lasted 50 years – involved battles!
What does the Church do when it has an issue or controversy?
2ND COUNCIL OF NICAEA
(787) ruled that icons were fine.
Issues:
1.The Pope asserted power over the Patriarch
of Constantinople
2.The Byzantine Emperor’s authority over the
Church was negated.
EAST-WEST SCHISM
Filioque Controversy
Nicaea said “from the father”
Later some wanted clarity so they changed it to say “From
the father and the son.”
Charlemagne wanted unity so he made the change
universal
Eastern Christians resented the change because it was
made by a secular leader and they weren’t consulted
To the West, the Eastern Christians seemed to be
bordering on Arianism because the change was
intended to strengthen the anti-Arian stance
Became a huge issue to both sides
NICENE CREED
I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life,
who proceeds from the Father and the Son,
who with the Father and the Son is adored and
glorified,
who has spoken through the prophets.
The Players:
EAST-WEST SCHISM
Patriarch Michael Cerulaurius
Anti – Latin
Objection to Western Practices i.e. celibacy, fasting on Saturdays,
beardlessness.
Closed Latin parishes in the East
Trampled consecrated hosts from the Latin churches!
Cardinal Humbert (W)
Representative of Pope Leo IX.
Excommunicated Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople (E)
by placing a decree of excommunication on the altar of the Hagia
Sophia
Not the most diplomatic man…
Patriarch Cerularius then excommunicated the Pope!
EAST –WEST SCHISM
TODAY
Endures to this day but we’re on good terms with each
other
Orthodox Churches are not in union with the RCC
 Ex: Greek Orthodox
Eastern Rite Catholic Churches are in union with the RCC –
they are culturally Eastern, but recognize the supremacy
of the Pope
 Ex: Byzantine Catholic
 Epiphany of Our Lord Byzantine Catholic Church, Annandale
FEUDALISM
A social form of
interlocking
relationships based
on the use of land in
payment for military
services
FEUDALISM
King
Landowner of the
entire Kingdom
Lord
Ran the manner and provided for the wellbeing
of the manor. Often a vassal of a more powerful
ruler. Promised respect, obedience and taxes to
the King.
Vassal –
someone who is
subject to
another. They
exist on every
level from lords
down
Knights
Fought for the Lord of the manor if
required. More cultured than the
average serf.
Serfs
Took care of the land and livestock. Paid rent to the lord of the
land. Over 90% of people in Western Europe were serfs.
IMPACTS OF FEUDALISM
1.
People viewed all of reality in terms of levels of authority
and importance. “The Great Chain of Being” is the
application of a hierarchical view to spirituality.
IMPACT OF FEUDALISM
2.
The Church was the largest landowner.
Bishops and abbots/abbesses (heads of
monasteries) functioned as lords of manors.
They issued money, judged lawsuits, and
fought in battles.
3. Firmly established the Church Hierarchy
which functioned in much the same way as
the societal hierarchy of feudalism.
CHURCH HIERARCHY
Pope
Earthly head of the
Roman Church
Bishops
Head of a local Church
(Diocese). Subject to the Pope
Clergy and Religious
Includes: Priests, Monks/Brothers, Nuns/Sisters.
Laypeople
Includes all un-ordained people
CHALLENGES FACING THE CHURCH
Hard to define Church-State relationships:
Charlemagne said: Emperor controlled the
Church, the pope’s job was to pray for it
Pope Nicholas I said: Pope governs the Church,
the Emperor’s job is to protect it
After Pope Leo III’s death in 816, wealthy Roman
families saw papacy as “a personal prize to be
passed among them”
816-1016: mostly weak popes, but generally good
men.
CORRUPTION WITHIN THE CHURCH
Pope is seen as a political pawn rather than pious spiritual leader.
800-1073 marked by weak or corrupt popes.
1. Lay investiture – Secular rulers were choosing
bishops, priests, abbots and abbesses
2. Simony – The buying and selling of Church offices
3. Disregard for Celibacy – Many priests and bishops
lived with women they weren’t married to and had
children
CORRUPTION = OPPORTUNITY FOR REFORM
Pope St. Gregory VII 1073-1085
• Born Hildebrand
• Was a Cluniac Monk and became pope at the
age of 53
• Extremely smart, hardworking, had an “iron
will,” very energetic.
• Insisted on clerical celibacy
• Ended simony and lay investiture
• Wrote “Dictates of the Pope” 27 propositions
that spelled out the relationship between
papal and secular authority
• Major issues with Henry IV over lay investiture
Henry is excommunicated
LAY INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY- HENRY IV
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV - Appoints his own Bishop in Milan
Pope St. Gregory VII – Warns the emperor then deposes and
excommunicates Henry IV.
"Hildebrand, no longer pope but a false monk" : — "I, Henry, king
by the grace of God, with all my bishops say to thee: 'Descend!
Descend, thou ever accursed.'“ – Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor
"I depose him from the government of the whole Kingdom of
Germany and Italy, release all Christians from their oath of
allegiance, forbid him to be obeyed as king . . . and as thy
successor bind him with the fetters of anathema“ – Gregory VII.
LAY INVESTITURE CONTINUED
"
German Bishops own about 2/3 of land in Germany, Henry IV is
stuck and must repent and ask for the Pope’s forgiveness.
January 25, 1077 Henry IV goes to Canossa Italy to reconcile with
the Pope.
Gregory VII refuses to see the emperor and Henry IV waits outside in
the snow for 3 days!
At the prompting of an important monk Hugh of Cluny, Gregory VII
receives Henry IV and takes away the excommunication.
Symbolic victory for the Papacy- the Holy Roman Emperor
succumbed to the Pope. However Henry IV a year later elects his
own Pope Clement III (an anti-pope).
Concordat of Worms – Ends the Investiture controversy. Popes and
bishops are elected by the conclave.
MAKE YOUR OWN COAT OF ARMS
1. Last Name on banner
2. Motto
3. Design/Symbol(s) – should be
representative of you or your family.
TEAMBUILDING TUESDAY
Round Robin share with you your group what your
plans are after you graduate?
TIMED ROUND ROBIN
1. THINK -30 sec.
2. Round Robin Discussion 20 sec each.
Why is education important?
UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
-
Developed by the Catholic Church in the
Middle Ages.
-
Having courses, professors, exams, and
degrees was established by the Church
-
Distinction between undergraduate and
graduate studies.
-
Students were granted special rights by the
Pope, similar to the rights and benefits that
clergy had.
-
Studied the liberal arts: grammar, logic,
rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music,
astronomy.
THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
-
Universities were given charters by the Pope or the King. The
Church played a pivotal role in encouraging Universities and
education.
“Some 81 universities had been established by the time of the
Reformation. Of these 33 possessed a papal charter, 15 a royal
or imperial one, 20 possessed both, and 13 had none”
- Degrees from Papal backed schools were recognized everywhere in
Christendom. Degrees from schools only backed by the King were
only recognized in the Kingdom.
- Students were give special legal status similar what clergy had
had.
- I.E. Cases in a special course, extremely severe crime to strike a
student
“According to historian of science Edward Grant, the creation of the
university, the commitment to reason and rational argument, and
the overall spirit of inquiry that characterized medieval
intellectual life amounted to "a gift from the Latin Middle Ages to
the modern world…though it is a gift that may never be
acknowledged”
FAMOUS MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES
Oxford
Cambridge
Paris
Padua,
Krakow
NAME THAT UNIVERSITY LOCATION!!!
EUROPE – UNIVERSITY OF PARIS
EUROPE – OXFORD UNIVERSITY
AMERICA – KANSAS UNIVERSITY
AMERICA – KANSAS STATE
America – Syracuse University
EUROPE – CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
AMERICA – DUKE UNIVERSITY
EUROPE BOLOGNA UNIVERSITY
AMERICA – NC STATE UNIVERSITY
AMERICA – BELMONT ABBEY COLLEGE
Why do these Universities have similar
architecture?
SCHOLASTICISM
The system of theological and philosophical teaching predominant
in the Middle Ages, based chiefly upon the authority of the
church fathers and of Aristotle and his commentators. Narrow
adherence to traditional teachings, doctrines, or methods.
Characterized by a focus on reason and logic.
Deep intellectual thought
Thinking about, understanding and discussing theology, philosophy and reality.
Important way of thinking that furthered Philosophy and Theology
“How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?”
EARLY CHURCH REFORMS
Cluny
Duke William of Aquitaine gave a tract of land to the
Church for a monastery under the leadership of Berno
Intended to be a serious monastery and example of
spiritual life in the midst of corruption
Strictly observed the Rule of St. Benedict: emphasized
prayer (Divine Office)
Members of Cluny became highly influential: Artists,
Activists, Political advisers, Promoters of the Truce of
God
Reforms stemming from Cluny = Cluniac Reforms
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
• 1226-1274
• Patron Saint of Universities and Students.
• Wrote the Summa Theologica a 5 volume
work on theology that was never finished.
• Became a Dominican and studied under St.
Albert the Great.
• Nicknamed the “Dumb Ox” because of his
large size and quiet shyness. Was actually a
very intelligent and good student.
• Named a Doctor of the Church
• His work has been pivotal in the
advancement of Theology and philosophy.
• Ex. Thomas 5 proofs for the existence of
God!
WOULD YOU RATHER?
Would you rather be in a stable unchanging
comfortable community or a begging sojourner
with a few good friends?
Why?
BERNARD AND THE CISTERCIANS
St. Bernard of Clairvaux – Dynamic
character and leader. Helped bring
about the popularity of the
Cistercian Order
Cistercian Order – Sought a more
literal and simplistic interpretation
of “The Rule of St. Benedict.”
Focused on manual labor
Cistercian derives from the town of
Citeaux
NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS
Mendicants
Wandering monks or friars who
begged and lived very strict
poverty combating corruption
Radical because for many becoming
a religious was a way to get ahead
in life (i.e., $ and education)
Main examples:
 Order of Preachers (Dominicans)
 Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans)
ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI
• 1181-1226
• Established the Order of the Friars Minor among other orders.
• Gave up his rich inheritance and opted for poverty.
• His poverty and example were very radical for this time.
• He gained many followers and began a very important movement
within the Church.
ST. DOMINIC
1170-1221
Preached against the Albigensians heresy
Founded the Dominican Order
ST. ALBERT THE GREAT AND ST. BONAVENTURE
Known as “the teacher of
everything there is to
know.
•
1221-1274
•
Franciscan Friar
•
Patron St. of Scientists.
•
•
Taught St. Thomas
Aquinas.
Became leader of the
Franciscans at 35.
•
BL. DONS SCOTUS
• known for his theology
on the Absolute
Kingship of Jesus
Christ, the Immaculate
Conception of the
Blessed Virgin Mary,
and his philosophic
refutation of evolution.
• Known as “Marian
Doctor”
• The greatest
Franciscan
theologian in
history.
THOMAS A. KEMPUS
Wrote the Imitation of Christ.
(1418).
Written in conversation
between Christ and
disciple.
“What most of all hinders
heavenly consolation is
that you are too slow in
turning yourself to prayer”
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• Developed by French
• Reflects the time and money that the medieval
world invested in the praise of God.
• The Architecture serves a purpose.
Brings one closer to God
Shows praise and gives Glory to God
Reveals the majesty and beauty of God.
http://www.patheos.com/blogs/badcatholic/2012/09/in
-defense-of-nice-churches.html
Thought for the Day: St. Albert the Great was
convinced that all creation spoke of God
and that the tiniest piece of scientific
knowledge told us something about Him.
Besides the Bible, God has given us the
book of creation revealing something of His
wisdom and power. In creation, Albert saw
the hand of God.