Transcript New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C.

New World Beginnings
33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769
Chapter 1
American and Arizona History
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Overview
• Recorded history starts about 6,000 year ago
– Middle Eastern cultures
• About 500 years ago, European explorers
arrive in the Americas
• Arrival of Europeans in the Americas affected
four continents forever
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Chapter Themes
• Discoverers of America were small bands of
hunters who crossed the Siberian land bridge
• Europe’s demand for Eastern luxuries
prompted the exploration of trade routes to
reduce expenses for those goods
• Portuguese and Spanish explorers conquered
much of the Americas fostering a “collision of
worlds” affecting Europe, the Americas and
Africa
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The Shaping of North America
• Earth was one
supercontinent 225
million years ago
– All of world’s dry land
– Enormous chunks of
land drifted apart,
forming continents
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The Shaping of North America
• Shifting and folding of
the earth’s crust, plus
molten earth uprisings,
formed majestic
mountain ranges
– Born after the continent
had taken shape
– 135-25 million years ago
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The Shaping of North America
• Great Ice Age
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Two million years ago
2-mile thick ice
Ohio to Dakotas
Formed Great Lakes
Formed Great Salt Lake
Etc.
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Peopling the Americas
• An Ice Age created
massive glaciers, lowering
sea level
– Land bridge exposed
– Bering Strait—Siberia and
Alaska
• Nomadic Asian hunters
were “immigrant”
ancestors of Native
Americans
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Peopling the Americas
• Migration lasted 250
centuries
– People moved through
both American
continents
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Peopling the Americas
• The ice melted, land
migration stopped, and
the now isolated
American continents
had a marooned
“human family”
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Peopling the Americas
• By 1492, an estimated
54 million people
throughout the
Americas
• Countless tribes formed
• 2000 languages
• Diverse religions,
cultures, ways of life
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Peopling the Americas
• Three well-known and
sophisticated
civilizations in South
and Central America
– Incas of Peru
– Mayans in Central
America
– Aztecs in Mexico
Aztecs
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The Earliest Americans
• About 5000 B.C.,
hunter-gatherers
developed maize from a
wild grass
– Became staff of life
– Became foundation of
Aztec and Incan nationstates
• Corn reached
Southwest U.S. by 1200
B.C.
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Peopling the Americas
• Central/South American
civilizations based
advanced agricultural
practices on maize
• Without horses, oxen,
and high technology,
they built cities and
carried on sophisticated
commerce
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The Earliest Americans
• The Southwest was known as the “Pueblo
culture”
– Sophisticated irrigation for their corn crops
– Village dwelling
– Pueblo means “village”
– Spanish explorers made contact in 16th century
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The Earliest Americans
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The Earliest Americans
• Native American tribes north of Mexico and
east of the Pueblo sites were less elaborately
developed
– Less dense concentrations of people
– No complex nation-states
– Easier to conquer than sophisticated societies
– Native North Americans relatively easier conquer
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The Earliest Americans
• Relatively significant societies that declined
around A.D. 1300, perhaps due to drought
– Mound builders of Ohio River
– Cahokia peoples of East St Louis
– Anasazi peoples of Southwest
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The Earliest Americans
• Tribes in the East that
flourished due to a
concentration of
healthy foods grown, to
include: corn, squash,
and beans
– Creek
– Choctaw
– Cherokee
Cherokee woman
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The Earliest Americans
• The Iroquois Confederacy
in the Northeast came the
closest to a great nation
state as in Peru and
Mexico
– Legendary leader,
Hiawatha
– Good military and political
skills
– Could sustain a military
alliance to menace
neighbors
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Hiawatha
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The Earliest Americans
• Generally, Native Americans lived in small,
scattered, impermanent settlements when
Europeans arrived
– Women tended crops as men hunted
– Women had substantial authority
– Many, like the Iroquois, developed matrilinear
cultures
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The Earliest Americans
• Two different philosophies: European vs
Native American
– Europeans believed in dominion over the earth
using their technologies
– Native Americans had neither the desire nor
means to manipulate nature aggressively
• Sometimes they set fires to create better hunting
grounds, e.g. deer
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The Earliest Americans
• Native Americans had
very little affect on the
land
– Few in number
– Spread out
• By 1492, probably
about 4 million
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
• The Europeans were
not aware of the
Americas
• Norsemen from
Scandinavia did landed
in Newfoundland about
A.D. 1000
Leif Erickson
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
• Eric Erickson
– Because Newfoundland abound with grapes, he
called it Vinland
– The small settlement establishments went away
– Discovery remembered in saga and song
• No further voyages from the Norsemen
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
• For many centuries
after the Norsemen, the
wider world sought by
Europeans did not
include the Americas
• Europeans looked for
conquest and trade
elsewhere—but their
quest eventually led to
the Americas
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
• From the 11th to the
14th centuries, Christian
crusaders pushed into
the Holy Land to wrest
it from Muslim control
• They began to acquire a
taste for exotic Asian
goods
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
• Goods once unknown
to Europe were sought
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Silk
Drugs—pain reducers
Perfumes
Draperies
Spices—sugar, for
preserving and flavoring
food
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
• The luxuries of the East
were expensive
– Goods had to be
transported enormous
distances
– Transport was by sea or
camelback across
dangerous and
“expensive” terrain—
Muslim “middlemen”
exacted a toll
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
• By the time goods
arrived at Venice or
Genoa in Italy, the
profits were narrow and
limited
• Suppliers began to seek
alternative routes to the
East
Spices preserved and
improved food taste
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Marco Polo, with his
book that described his
travels to the China,
fostered interest in
reaching the Far East
• Some historians say he
may never have
reached China
Marco Polo
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Before 15th century, European sailors would
not sail southward along the African coast
– They could not return the same way
– Prevailing headwinds (northerly) too strong
– South flowing currents also strong
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Portuguese developed caravel ship which
could “Knife through” currents and wind
about 1450
• Also, improved route toward Azores, then
home
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Sub-Saharan Africa became accessible to
Europeans—particularly Portuguese
– Caravel ships and good Portuguese navigation
brought the Portuguese down the coast of Africa
– Portuguese established trading locations along the
coast
– Portuguese sought gold and slaves
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Arabs and Africans had
traded slaves for
centuries before the
Europeans arrived
– Slaves taken further
away were more
expensive because the
could not escape to
home and they could be
rescued
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Persons from same tribes
were deliberately separated
to frustrate resistance
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Europeans Enter Africa
• The nature of slavery in
Africa, from its
beginning, inhibited the
identification and
expression of regional
African cultures and
tribal identities
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Europeans Enter Africa
• The Portuguese built up
their own system of
slave trade
• Portuguese used slaves
to service sugar
plantations of islands
off Africa: Madeira, the
Canaries, Sao Tome,
and Principe
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Portuguese slave
business dwarfed the
previous traders
– 40,000 sent to islands off
Africa
– Millions more eventually
sent to the Americas
upon their discovery
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Europeans Enter Africa
• The Portuguese
founded the early
model for the
plantation system
– Large commercial
plantations and
exploited slave labor to
keep them running
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Portuguese pushed further down the African
coast
– Bartholomeu Diaz rounded coast in 1488
• Vasco da Gama reached India 10 years later
– “Indies” was the term given by Europeans to all
mysterious lands east
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Europeans Enter Africa
• Spain’s newly united
kingdom had “destiny’
written all over it
– Ferdinand of Aragon
– Isabella of Castile
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Europe Enters Africa
• Under the new monarchs, Spain expelled the
“infidel” Muslim Moors for Spain
– There had been centuries of warfare between the
Muslims and Christians
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Europe Enters Africa
• The Spaniards and Portuguese became rivals
– Each raced to outdo the other for the wealth of
the Indies
• Portuguese controlled African coast and east
and south
• Spain now looked westward
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Columbus Comes Upon a new World
• The stage is set
– Demand for products
– Africa is source of cheap labor
– Portuguese demonstrate long-range navigation
– Spain is now modern and looking for wealth and
power
– The Renaissance introduces new tools and ideas,
e.g. the mariners compass
– The new printing press spreads scientific
knowledge
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Columbus Comes upon a New World
• Enter Christopher Columbus
– Persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish
monarchs, to support his voyage
– Acquired three ships
– After 6 weeks at sea, the crew grew mutinous
– October 12, 1492, the crew sighted an island in
the Bahamas
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
• His achievement was
really a successful
failure
– Seeking a route to the
Indies, he found a new
world—unknown to him
at the time
– He called the native
peoples, Indians—a
mistake that stuck
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
• Columbus’s discovery
“convulsed” four
continents
– Europe, Africa, the
Americas
– An interdependent
economic system never
dreamed of before
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
Continent
• Europe
Resource(s)
• Markets, Capital,
technology
• Africa
• Labor
• New World
• Raw materials (precious
metal, rich soil for sugar
cane, etc.)
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
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Columbus Comes Upon a
New World
Columbus thought
he was on island
off the Asian coast,
while really being
in the Caribbean
First voyage, he
landed on the
Bahamas
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When Worlds Collide
• Two ecosystems collide when Columbus
arrives in the New World
– Different plant and animal life
• Iguanas and snakes with castanets (rattle snakes)
• Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, potatoes
– New foods fed the rapid population growth of the
Old World
– 60% of crops cultivated to around the world today
came from the New World
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When Worlds Collide
• The African population boom was supported
by foods developed in the New World
– Replacing the loss of peoples from slavery—
physically, but not morally
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When Worlds Collide
• In 1493, Columbus returned to the Caribbean
island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican
Republic)
– Seventeen ships loaded with 1700 men and
various animals including cattle, horses, and swine
– Horses reached North America and positively
influenced the cultures of the American Indian
– Sugar cane thrived in the warm Caribbean climate
producing a “sugar revolution”
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When Worlds Collide
• Not overly emphasized in the current text,
there are generally three reasons for
exploration on the part of the Europeans
– God
– Gold
– Glory
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Movie of First Voyage of Columbus
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When Worlds Collide
• Europeans brought both the “good” and “bad”
with them
– Dirt in their boots gave us Kentucky bluegrass,
dandelions, and daisies
– In their bodies, they carried smallpox, yellow
fever, and malaria
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When Worlds Collide
• Old world diseases devastate new world
peoples
– Old world peoples had developed immune
systems
– New world peoples had no protective antibodies
• Whole tribes were wiped out or nearly wiped out
• Taino natives of Hispaniola went from 1 million to 200
people
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When Worlds Collide
• The devastation to the Native American was
muskets, but deadly microbes
– Some estimates say that 90% of Native American
population perished
– Most Native Americans never saw a European—
the disease moved out in front of discoverers
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When Worlds Collide
• The disease impact was not intentional by the
European, but
– Entire cultures and ancient ways were
extinguished
– Indians tried to infuse bread with their blood as a
revenge—not effective
• Indians unintentionally passed syphilis to the
Europeans
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When Worlds Collide
•
•
•
•
To New World
Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
Horses, cows, pigs
Smallpox, measles, bubonic
plague, influenza, typhus,
diphtheria, scarlet fever
Slave labor
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To Old World
• Gold
• Silver
• Corn, potatoes, pineapples,
tomatoes, tobacco, beans,
vanilla, chocolate
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• Europeans realized the
Americas had riches—
particularly gold and
silver
• Treaty of Tordesillas
divided the Americas
between Portugal and
Spain
– Most went to Spain
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• Spain was dominant
explorer and colonizer
of the 1500s
• Started with Caribbean
and moved into the
mainland Americas
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• Two significant exploits
– Vasco Nunez Balboa
• Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean after waking across
Panama
– Ferdinand Magellan
• First to circumnavigate the globe
• Killed in the Philippines by the inhabitants
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• Juan Ponce de Leon
(1513-21)
– Discovered Puerto Rico and
explored Florida
– Died of wound from arrow
Florida natives
• Francisco Coronado
(1540-52)
– Quest for golden cities in
the Southwest
– Discovered Grande Canyon
and Colorado River
Juan Ponce de Leon
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• Hernando de Soto
(1539-42)
– Sought gold in Florida
– Crossed Mississippi River
north of Arkansas River
– Greatly mistreated
Indians
– Died of fever and
wounds
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• Francisco Pizarro (1532)
– Crushed Incas in Peru
– Filled Spain’s “coffer’s” with silver
– Fed European money supply with fueled the
growth of capitalism
– Helped established modern commercial banking
– Fostered international trade
– Stimulated commerce and manufacturing
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• The West Indies served
as staging point for
Spanish conquests on
the continents
– Supplies stored
– Rest and recuperation
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• To subdue the advanced civilizations of
Mexico and Peru, the technique encomienda
was used
– Permitted the government to “commend” or give
Indians to certain colonists if they would bring
them to Christianity
– In reality, it was slavery
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The Spanish Conquistadores
• Bartolome de Las Casas, Dominican friar,
wrote of the encomienda
– “…a moral pestilence invented by Satan”
• Bartolome de Las Cases on the diseases and
cruel policies of the Spanish
– “Who of those in future centuries will believe
this? I myself who am writing this and saw it and
know the most about it can hardly believe that
such was possible”
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The Conquest of Mexico
• Hernon Cortes conquers the Aztecs
– Sought Aztec gold
– Helped by Malinche, female native slave and
interpreter
– Learned of unrest by peoples Aztecs demanded
tribute from and made allies them
– Met with the Aztec chief, Moctezuma
– Moctezuma thought he was the god, Quetzalcoatl
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The Conquest of Mexico
• Hernan Cortes (con’t)
– Moctezuma permitted
Cortes to approach the
city of Tenochtitlan
• Aztec capital
• 300, 000 people
• Highly advanced city of
exceptional beauty
Hernan Cortes
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The Conquest of Mexico
• Hernan Cortes (con’t)
– Aztecs soon became
angry with Spaniards’
lust for gold
– On June 30, 1520, the
Aztecs drove Cortes out
– Cortes laid siege to the
city and the Aztecs
capitulated on August
13, 1521
Moctezuma
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The Conquest of Mexico
• Hernan Cortes (con’t)
– Aztecs died from disease
by the millions
– Easy for Cortes to
conquer
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The Conquest of Mexico
• Spanish brought culture
that was easily adapted
by peoples of Mexico
– Crops, animals,
language, and laws
– Intermarriages created
mestizos, people of
mixed Indian and
European heritage
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The Conquest of Mexico
• Despite Spanish cruelty,
Mexico celebrate
Columbus Day as the
Dia de la Raza—the
birthday of a whole new
race of people
Mestizos
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The Spread of Spanish America
• Spain’s colonial empire
grew rapidly
– Hundreds of cities
created in the Americas
– 160,000 Spaniards
subjugated millions of
Indians
Spanish torturing Indians
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The Spread of Spanish America
• Universities established
in Mexico City and Lima,
Peru
– 85 years before Harvard
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The Spread of Spanish America
• The English get involved
– Giovanni Caboto (John
Cabot)
• Explores Northeastern
coast of North America
• 1497-98
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The Spread of Spanish America
• France sent Italian Giovanni da Verrazano to
probe the eastern seashore of North America
• Frenchman Jacques Cartier journeyed up the
St Lawrence River
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The Spread of Spanish America
• Spain began to fortify their North American
lands
– Secure them against other nations
– Convert Indians to Christianity
• St Augustine, Florida
– Oldest continually inhabited European settlement
in the future United States
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The Spread of Spanish America
• The Spaniard Juan de Onate proclaimed his
explored area the Province of New Mexico
– He cruelly abused the Pueblo people he
conquered
– After the Battle of Acoma, the Spanish severed
one foot of each survivor
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The Spread of Spanish America
• The Roman Catholic Church became the
central institution of New Mexico
– Missionaries efforts to convert peoples to
Christianity fostered a revolt called Pope’s
Rebellion
• Indians killed scores of priest and hundreds of Spanish
settlers
• Took over 50 years to return New Mexico to the
Spanish
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The Spread of Spanish America
• Spanish continued to establish missions
– San Antonio, Texas:
• The Alamo
– California: Father Junipero Serra
• Founded 21 missions
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The Spread of Spanish America
The Good
• Erected colossal empire
• Culture, laws, religion, and
language
• Infused the native
Americans into Spanish
culture
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The Bad
• The “Black Legend”
– Tortured and butchered
Indians
– Stole gold
– Infected Indians with disease
– Enslaved Indians
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