Transcript Figure 1

Chapter 14
Preserving the Planet:
Human Impact on Environmental Systems
Activity 1: Environmental Impacts (IPAT)
by Development Category:
A Global Warming Case Study
Activity 2: Human-Environment Systems Analysis
of Environmental Change
Activity 3: Conflicting Viewpoints on Environmental Problems
Learning Outcomes
After completing the chapter, you will be able to:
 Calculate total carbon dioxide emission from population,
affluence, and technology data for different country groups.
 Decipher different units of measurement.
 Relate levels of development and geographic location of
countries to environmental impacts.
 Break down environmental problems into five components:
human driving forces, human activities, environmental
change, adverse consequences, and solutions.
 Describe the causes and effects of the disappearing Aral Sea
and cattle ranching in tropical Latin America.
 Understand different stakeholder groups’ perspectives on
environmental problems.
 Advocate a position on an environmental problem, and
search for solutions that may be amenable to several groups.
Figure 14.1
Figure 14.2
Figure 14.3
Figure 14.4
Figure 14.5
Figure 14.6
Figure 14.7
Figure 14.8
Table 14.1
World’s Most Endangered Species
Animal Species
AMPHIBIANS
Puerto Rican Crested Toad
REPTILES
Chinese Alligator
Western Swamp Turtle
BIRDS
St. Vincent Amazon
California Condor
Regent Honeyeater
Blue-throated Macaw
Red-fronted Macaw
Blackiston’s Fish Owl
Orange-bellied Parrot
Edwards Pheasant
Bali Starling (Bali Mynah)
MAMMALS
Addax
Somali Wild Ass
Black-footed Ferret
Rodrigues Flying Fox
Silvery Gibbon
Amur Leopard
Asiatic Lion
Pygmy Loris
Sumatran Rhinoceros
Golden Lion Tamarin
Amur Tiger
Sumatran Tiger
Red Wolf
Geographic Range
Puerto Rico, British Virgin Islands
Estimated Wild Population
< 300
China
Australia
800 - 1,000
55
St. Vincent
United States [re-int.]
Australia
Argentina (?), Bolivia, Paraguay (?)
Bolivia
China, Japan, Russia
Australia
Vietnam
Indonesia
700 – 800
27
< 1,000
<1,000
1,000
680 – 900
150
Extinct (?)
30 - 35
North Africa and the Sahel
Ethiopia, Somalia
United States
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Indonesia
China, North and South Korea, Russia
India
Cambodia (?), China, Laos, Vietnam
Southeast Asia
Brazil
China [ex?], North Korea [ex?], Russia
Indonesia
United States
< 250
100 – 250
60
350
1,000
28 – 31
300
300 – 500
250 – 400
< 650
330 – 371
400 – 500
92
Source: World Resources Institute, Table 14.4 “Endangered Species Management Programs, 1996”
(www.wri.org/facts/data-tables-biodiversity.html).
Figure 14.9
Figure 14.10
0.8
370
0.6
360
Global
0.4
Temperature
Deviation from 0.2
1960-91
0
"Normal"
Period
(degrees C) -0.2
350
-0.4
300
340
CO2
330 Concentration
(ppm)
320
310
-0.6
1900
1
1925
26
Temperature
1950
51
Year
1975
76
290
2000
101
CO2 Concentration
Figure 14.11
Figure 14.12
I
=
P
*
A
*
T
$GDP kg. CO 2
million kg. CO 2 = million persons *
*
person $GDP
Definitions of Key Terms
• Adverse Consequences:
Negative impacts of environmental
change on humans and/or nature (plants and animals).
• Biosphere: The regions of the earth’s crust and atmosphere
occupied by living matter. The biosphere includes the atmosphere (air),
the hydrosphere (surface and subsurface waters), and the lithosphere
(upper reaches of the earth’s crust).
• Cycle:
A circular flow of energy, materials, or organisms that
replenishes the elements of a system, enabling the system to continue
to function.
• Direct Biological Interference:Human-caused alteration of species
through removal, redistribution, or modification of living creatures.
• Energy/Material Redistribution:
Human-caused alteration of
energy or material flows through impoundment, redistribution, or
transformation.
• Environmental Change:
Changes in an environmental system
caused by an alteration or disruption of the natural cycles.
• Flow:
Movement or transformation of energy, materials, or
organisms from one stock to another.
• Human Activities:
The actual activities by humans that directly
affect the environment.
• Human Driving Forces:
Social and cultural conditions that
influence human use and perception of the natural environment.
• Human-Environment Interactions:
The ways in which human
society and the natural environment affect each other.
• IPAT:
Shorthand for a multiplicative model of human impacts
on the environment which holds that impacts (I) are proportional to
population (P) x Affluence (A) x Technology (T).
• Negative Feedback Loop:
A cause-and-effect chain that begins
with a change to a stock and ends up reversing the original change and
bringing the system back toward equilibrium.
• Pollution:
Human introduction of materials into the biosphere that
have a negative environmental impact.
• Population Pressure: Strain on the natural and economic resources
that occurs when the needs of a large or rapidly growing population
cannot be met by the resources available.
• Positive Feedback Loop:
A cause-and-effect chain that begins
with a change to a stock and ends up amplifying the original change
and pushing the system further from equilibrium.
• Renewable Resources:
Resources that can be used and
restored after use, or that have an unlimited supply.
• Solutions:
Efforts to solve environmental problems.
• Stakeholder: An individual or group with a strong interest or stake in
how an issue is decided.
• Stock:
a system.
Amounts of energy, materials, or organisms that exist in
• Sustainable Development:
Providing for the needs of the present
without diminishing the options of future generations.
• System:
A set of elements along with the connections between
them that form a whole unit and work together.