Transcript No Slide Title
Bluetooth and Wireless LAN Technology Primer and Mobile Products
September 2001 David Conway-Jones Technology Consultant, IBM EMEA Pervasive Computing email: [email protected]
IBM Wireless e-business
•
Introduction
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and 802.11
Personal Area Networks (PAN) and Bluetooth
IBM Mobile Wireless Technology
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Penetration of Technology Opportunities for Connection
Servers PCs and Desktops Mobiles 60% penetration in UK TV - approx 1 per home White Goods, Entertainment Systems, Toys, Cars, Infrastructure, etc - multiple per home
Connected to Internet
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Geography Off-campus (Open areas) On-campus (Office, School, Airport, Hotel) Person Space (office, briefcase, person) Nomenclature WAN LAN PAN Wireless Technology Cellular (Kilometers) 802.11b (10’s-100’s of meters) Bluetooth (meters to 10’s of meters) IBM Wireless e-business
Augment Wired LANs
Peer-to-peer collaboration Ad hoc Infrastructure LAN Access Point
1. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
5. Wireless and wired LAN interoperability
9. Using a WLAN to Interconnect two LANs
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Worldwide WLAN Sales ($ in Millions)
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• Two or more computers connected
wirelessly using standard network protocols
• The current buzzword however generally refers to wireless LANs
(WLAN).
• Controlled by a standards committee
(IEEE 802.11)
• WLAN solutions for: • Business • Education • Applications where network wiring is impossible • Warehousing • Point-of-sale handheld equipment.
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There are two kinds of wireless networks:
1) An ad-hoc,
or peer-to-peer wireless networks •Each computer
communicates directly
with each other to: send files, share printers, work collaboratively •They may not be able to access wired LAN resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired LAN using special software.
2) Infrastructure
wireless networks (access points, hardware or software) •
Access point
acts like a hub, providing connectivity for the wireless computers. It can connect (or "bridge") the wireless LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless computer access to LAN resources, such as file servers or the Internet.
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Dedicated hardware access points (HAP)
Wired Client
Wired Network
Wireless Clients Access Point
Wireless Network
Server
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Software Access Points which run on a computer equipped with a wireless network interface card as used in an ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network
Wired Client Wireless Client Software Access Point
Wired Network Wireless Network
Server Wireless Client
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•Wireless networking hardware requires the use of underlying technology that deals with
radio frequencies
as well as
data transmission
. •The most
widely used standard is 802.11
produced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). •This is a standard
defining all aspects
of Radio Frequency Wireless networking.
•802.11 was ratified in
1997 at speeds of 1- 2 Mb/s
•The
802.11b
extension runs at 1, 2, 5.5 and
11 Mb/s IBM Wireless e-business
•
802.11a
is a proposed spec running in the
5GHz
IBM band with speeds of
54Mb/s
scheduled for
2002
•But range is less (more like 10m) •The
802.15 Coexistence Task Group
is addressing interoperability between low-power wireless devices (Bluetooth) and 802.11b. Completion is scheduled for 2001 •
IBM
is a
member
of 802.11 and 802.15
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•Because most wireless networking hardware vendors support the 802.11 standard they can
inter operate.
•
Verification
is recommended because there are two different modulation techniques: •Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) •Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) •They are not interoperable. •When purchasing wireless networking hardware from separate vendors be sure to
obtain guarantees
from the vendors that the hardware will inter-operate and follows the standards.
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•Within a
short time
all new wireless cards, like Ethernet cards, will become inexpensive, ubiquitous and
totally interoperable
. •The latest version of the standard (802.11b) defines
11mbps
with support for the older standard of 1mbps and 2mbps speeds. This provides compatibility with different or older equipment.
•Note that this new standard
covers DS-type Networks, not FH types
.
•At this point
mixing Access Points is not recommended,
unless it has the
Wi-Fi
(Wireless Fidelity) logo from WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Association)
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•The Access Point acts as a
“Bridge”
between the wireless and wired networks •
Hardware
access points are available with various types of network interfaces, such as Ethernet or Token Ring •
Software
access point may also be used
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• Each access point has a
finite range
• The
distance varies
depending upon the environment; indoor, outdoor, building construction.
• Operating at the limits of the range
reduces performance
. • Typical indoor ranges are
20-50 meters, outdoor are 100-200 meters
•
Longer ranges
are possible; performance will degrade with distance.
• Using multiple Access Points will
extend the range IBM Wireless e-business
•Inexpensive access points have a recommended limit of
10
•More expensive access points support up to
100
wireless connections. •Using more computers than recommended will
degrade performance
and reliability •
Multiple
access points can be connected to a wired LAN, or to a second WLAN.
•
Functions vary
by manufacturer
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•A wireless computer can
"roam"
from one access point to another •Completely
transparent
user to the •Some access point configurations
require security authentication
when swapping access points, usually in the form of a password dialog box. •Access points are required to have
overlapping
wireless areas to achieve this.
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•WLAN offers a
cost-effective
solution to users with difficult physical installations such as: •campuses •hospitals •businesses with more than one location in immediate proximity but separated by public thoroughfare.
•This type of installation requires
two access points
.
•Each access point acts as a
bridge
or router connecting its own LAN to the wireless connection. •The wireless connection allows the two access points to communicate with each other, and therefore
interconnect
the two LAN's.
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•
Mobile users
, both on and off “campus” •Where physical wiring is
difficult
or impossible •
Connecting small groups
to a larger work environment. •Wireless networking in these environments is a very
cost effective alternative
•
Temporary
wireless LANs can easily be created for exhibitions, school or business projects, all without any trailing cabling.
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•
Potential
security issues; physical access not required.
•802.11 wireless communications nor decoded by simple scanners or short wave receivers.
cannot
be received •However,
eavesdropping
equipment. is possible using
special
•802.11 WLAN have a function called
WEP
Equivalent Privacy); a form of encryption.
(Wired •Access Points can control access via
unique MAC addresses.
•Virtual Private Networking
(VPN)
techniques will work over wireless networks in the same way as traditional wired networks. This is the best approach.
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WLAN Security: SSID
•Network
access control
can be implemented using an SSID associated with an AP or group of APs. •The SSID provides a mechanism to
"segment" a wireless network
into multiple networks serviced by one or more APs.
•Each AP is
programmed with an SSID
corresponding to a specific wireless network.
•To access this network, client computers must be
configured with the correct SSID.
•The SSID acts as a
simple password IBM Wireless e-business
WLAN Security: MAC Filtering
•A client computer can be identified by the
unique MAC
address of its 802.11 network card. •Each AP can be programmed with a
list of MAC addresses
associated with the client computers allowed to access the AP. •If a client's MAC address is
not included
in this list, the client is
not allowed
to associate with the AP. •MAC address filtering provides
good security
, but is best suited to small networks. •Each AP must be
manually programmed
with a list of MAC addresses, and the list must be kept up-to-date.
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WLAN Security: WEP
•WEP provides
encrypted communication
•All clients and APs on a wireless network
use the same key
•The key
resides in the client
computer and in each
AP
•Support for WEP is
standard
•WEP specifies the use of a
64-bit
encryption key •Implementations of
non-Wi-Fi 128-bit
key encryption exists •The 802.11 standard
does not specify a key management
protocol, so all keys on a network must be managed manually
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WLAN Security: VPN
•A
VPN solution
for wireless access is the
most suitable
alternative to WEP and MAC address filtering. •VPN solutions are
already widely deployed
to provide remote workers with secure access to the network via the Internet. •In this remote user application, the VPN
provides a secure
, dedicated path (or "tunnel") over an "untrusted" network-in this case, the Internet. •Various
tunneling protocols
are used in conjunction with standard, centralized authentication solutions,such as Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (
RADIUS
) servers.
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WLAN Security: VPN
•
VPN
technology can also be used for
secure wireless access
; the "untrusted" network is the wireless network. •The APs are configured for
open access with no WEP encryption
, but wireless access is isolated from the enterprise network by the VPN server and a VLAN between the APs and the VPN servers. •The APs should still be configured with
SSIDs
for segmentation. •
Authentication and full encryption
provided
through the VPN
over the wireless network is servers that also act as gateways. •Unlike the WEP key and MAC address filtering approaches, the VPN-based solution is
scalable
to a very large number of users.
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Cell phone Modem Access Point ThinkPad WorkPad Peripherals
Personal Area “Connectivity”
3. Usage scenarios: Today/Tomorrow?
4. 802.11 vs. Bluetooth vs. IR
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Defacto standard for
wireless Personal Connectivity technology Specification
for
small
-form factor,
low
-cost,
short
range radio links between mobile PCs, mobile phones and other
portable devices.
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group
(SIG)
is an industry group consisting of leaders in the telecommunications and computing industries that are driving development of the technology and bringing it to market.
IBM, Toshiba, Ericsson, Nokia, Intel - Motorola, Microsoft, Lucent and 3Com
companies - plus
2000+
other
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Bluetooth Market Potential
W/W Bluetooth Enabled Equipment Forecast (Units in Millions) Source : Cahners In Stat July 2000 IBM Wireless e-business
• Operates in the
2.4 GHz
Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) band at a data rate of
721Kb/s
• Uses
Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum
, which divides the frequency band into a number of channels (2.402 - 2.480 GHz yielding 79 channels). 1600 hops/sec.
• During a connection, radio transceivers
hop
from one channel to another in a
pseudo-random fashion, determined by the Master
. • Supports up to
8 devices in a piconet
slaves sharing a channel). (1 master and up to 7 • Up to
10 piconets
can combine to form
scatternets (scaling).
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• A
collection
of devices • Connected via Bluetooth in an
ad hoc
fashion. • Starts with
two
devices, and may grow to
eight
(including the master) •
Master
sets the
clock
and
hopping
pattern.
• However, when establishing a piconet, one unit will act as a
master
and the other(s) as
slave
(s) for the duration of the piconet connection.
• A
Scatternet
is the
linking
of multiple
co-located piconets
through the sharing of common master or slave devices.
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• Built-in
security.
• Non line-of-sight transmission
through walls and briefcases
. •
Omni-directional
. • Supports both
voice and data Serial
links and
TCP/IP
services; easy integration of for networking •
Regulated
by governments
worldwide,
even France !
• Supports both
one-to-one
and
one-to-many
topologies networking • Devices must be in a
10 meter radius
for communications to occur.
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Lower Transport Upper Transport Middleware Adopted
WAE WAP vCard/vCal Obex Service Discovery TCP/UDP IP PPP RFComm LMP L2CAP HCI BaseBand Radio Telephony Control Audio IBM Wireless e-business
• One-to-one • One-to-many (generally Serial mode) (generally TCP/IP mode)
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• Bluetooth Usage Models for Notebooks • Dial-Up Networking via cell phone • Syncing • File Transfer • Target Devices • Cellphone • Desktop • Handheld • Other Notebook
File Transfer Dial-up Networking Synchronization
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• Bluetooth Usage Models for Handhelds • Dial-up Networking via Cell phone • Syncing • File Transfer (business cards) • Target Devices • Cell phone • Desktop • Notebook • Other handheld
Dial-up Networking Synchronization File Transfer
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Bluetooth Usage Models for Desktop Syncing File Transfer Lan Access for devices
Synchronization
Target Devices Handheld Notebook
File Transfer
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Headset Telephony Infrastructure Data Access Points IBM Wireless e-business
• A computer network that spans a relatively
large
geographical area. • Typically, a WAN consists of
two or more
local-area networks (LANs). • Computers connected to a WAN are often connected through
PSTNs
. They can also be connected through
leased
lines or
satellites
. The largest WAN in existence is the
Internet
.
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Ease-of-Use
Dial-Up Networking File Transfer Synchronization
Point to Point
Cordless Computer Intercom FAX LAN Access Headset
Multi-Point
Personal Area Networking Automotive Wake on Bluetooth Human Interface Devices Audio/Visual Walk-up Printing Hidden Computing Instant Postcard
Multi-Piconet
Today Tomorrow The Future
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Standard Connectivity
Today: Many Cable Connections • • • • • • • • • • • Serial Parallel Mouse Keyboard Floppy Audio IR USB Video Docking Power Adds weight and cost Decreases reliability
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Standard Connectivity
Today: Many Cable Connections Tomorrow: Fewer Cables • • • • • • • • • • • Serial Parallel Mouse Keyboard Floppy Audio IR USB Video Docking Power Adds weight and cost Decreases reliability Bluetooth • • • • USB Video Docking Power Reduces weight and cost Increases reliability
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Personal Area Networking
Spontaneous / ad-hoc networking Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) environments Workgroup collaboration Between many different devices PC, PDA, Printer, Mobile phone, Communicator, Digital Camera (Still & Video) Digital TV, MP3 Player etc… Slave-to-slave communication is through the master IBM Wireless e-business
•
Walk up “push” of adverts and services.
•
Demo uses IBM Research Blue Drekar stack available from Alphaworks.
•
Contact Yook Siong Chin.
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Location Aware Services
•
NOT
• • eg -
Location Based Services
Where is nearest xyz ?
Pay for vending.
• But
AWARE
• • •
of the user
anticipate needs prepare and be ready to interact only need to know that the user is present •
or indeed no longer present
• Bluetooth device eg Phone or PDA is ideal.
• •
Carried with user Individual
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Total effect = real ease of use
• Come into office • • • PC unlocks Buddy status says user at desk Phone calls go to desk phone • Go to lab • • • • Office PC locks up Buddy status says away from desk Lab lights turn on Phone calls go to lab • Go to lunch • • lab lights go off phone calls go to mobile • • Go back to office • PC unlocks • • Buddy status says user at desk Phone calls go to desk phone etc...
Without pressing a single button !
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•
Unique
MAC address for every Bluetooth device • Bluetooth has
built-in encryption and authentication
• In addition a frequency-hopping scheme with
1600 hops/sec
is employed. • All of this, together with an automatic output
power adaptation
to reduce the range exactly to requirement, makes the system extremely
difficult to eavesdrop IBM Wireless e-business
Security mode 1 (non-secure). • A device does not initiate any security procedures. • Security mode 2 (service-level enforcement security).
• A device does not initiate security procedures before channel establishment at the service level. This mode allows different and flexible access policies for applications, and is used especially for running applications with different security requirements in parallel. • Security mode 3 (link-level enforced security). •A device allows only authenticated connections. •Bluetooth technology has three security attributes •Authorization •Authentication •Encryption.
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•Authorization •Database of services which a device
has authorization
to use •Authentication •The user can choose to
"auto" trust
devices or
"manually" trust
devices.
•Authentication is accomplished using a
challenge-response
scheme using symmetric link keys.
•If the devices do not share a link key, one is created through a process called
"pairing"
and based on a shared secret association, like a
PIN code
. •If a device does not have a mechanism to enter a PIN, a restricted form link key, called a unit key, is generated based on the device's address and random number.
• Encryption can only be activated after authentication. Encryption is based on a stream cipher easily implemented in hardware or software.
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• IBM is one of the original 5
founding
members.
• IBM
authored the discovery protocol
(discovery protocol is a method to explore and discovery Bluetooth devices and services within range) • IBM
contributed to the lower layer protocol
that makes up the entire Bluetooth protocol stack (link level protocol) • IBM
contributed to the Bluetooth world-wide regulatory working bodies
to harmonize the 2.4GHz frequency spectrum use for Bluetooth and other government agency requirements.
• IBM
funds and contributes
events.
to many of the the organization’s • IBM is
leading the effort
to standardize IEEE 802.15, which will embrace Bluetooth as a short range wireless standard.
IBM Wireless e-business
Standard Primary Use Primary Products Technology Frequency Raw Data Rate Range Topology Power output Roaming Voice Security Cost per PC
(projected YE 2000/YE 2001)
Availability Infrared
IrDA
Bluetooth
Bluetooth Special Interest Group de-facto
HomeRF
None - based on HomeRF working group Home networking Cable replacement Notebook and Desktop PCs, PDAs, Mobile Phones, Printers Optical 850nm 4Mb/s line of sight 3/5 meters Point to Point Low No No Cable replacement Notebook and Desktop PCs, PDAs, Mobile Phones, Printers Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 2.4GHz
1Mb/s 10 meters Point to Point Point to Multipoint (8 devices/pico-net) Low No Yes Application Integrated Notebook and Desktop PCs Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 2.4GHz
1.6 Mb/s 50 meters multipoint High No Yes Less robust - unique network specific IDs
802.11b
IEEE 802.11b
Business networking Notebook and Desktop PCs Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 2.4GHz
11 Mb/s 50 meters Many to Many (CSMA) High Yes No Robust including Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) $180/$80 $120/$100 $180/$80 Part of notebook for years; With Legacy Free, will become an option Option in 2000 Integrated by YE 2001 Option Option and integrated in 2000
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What do you want to do?
For connecting devices in your “Personal Domain”... For connecting clients to your LAN Infrastructure...
Campus wide
or someone else’s or a public one
Airport/Hotel
Bluetooth is the right choice 802.11b WLAN is the right choice
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For creating an ad hoc Peer-to-Peer Network Either would suffice Bluetooth: One-to-many 802.11b: Many-to-many Consider: •Technology install base •Size of the workgroup •Extent of the CSCW effort (Computer Supported Cooperative Work)
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Other Wireless Technologies
Advantages
Electric field
Carrier Frequency (MHz)
0.1-1
Maximum Bit Rate (Kbps) Range (m)
20 2 Magnetic field RF UHF 5 300-500 RF microwave ISM Optical infrared (low data rate) 2400 Light Optical infrared (high data rate) Light 250 40 1000 10 1000 6 30 10-100 10 1
Problems Application
Capacitive coupling limits range, data transmitted by touch, international use Signal goes through body, international use Low cost, efficient for distance Signal blocked by body, grounded objects Antenna size Local regulations Identification Picocells data messaging Access control, telecommand International, fast Cost, power Data networking Simple, very inexpensive, no regulations Simple, inexpensive, no regulations Directional Directional or high power Home remote control Infrared Data Association (IrDA) for laptops http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/zimmerman.html
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UWB – Impulse Radio
• Ultra Wide Band
•
Uses picosecond mono-pulses
• •
Creates very wide radio spectrum Down in noise floor (-30 to -60dB)
•
Requires
very
accurate timebase
•
Normally based on PPM techniques
• •
But can deliver high data rates (80+ Mbs) At very low power ( µW)
≡
Fourier Transform of infinitely narrow pulse = infinitely wide frequency spectrum
t f
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Example: Pulse-LINK ™
Pulse~LINK, Inc.
http://www.pulselink.net/
•
80Mbs
•
150m IBM Wireless e-business
UWB
• Currently used in military applications • Squirt radios • • Difficult to detect / intercept Low power for data rate means more portable
• Pulsed Radar
• • Can “see through” obstacles Difficult to detect and protect against
• Not licensed for public use
• • • Cuts across most currently licensed bands Backers claim no need as there will be no interference to normal equipment Others doubt that – they say the background noise will increase and some frequencies may be more impacted than others as pulses are not true impulse shape
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UWB
• Wide frequency range helps with transmission through obstacles
• • • Like bodies, walls, furniture Harder to shield against Helps Omni-directional transmission
• No studies on health implications
• Although very low power – what are the effects of continuous impulses across wide freq range ?
IBM Wireless e-business
Smart Dust
• Target is sub mm sized devices • Free floating in air • Containing sensors
• Temp, acceleration, pressure, chemical, etc
• And communications to other particles
• • • • 5 – 10 m range 20kbs 900MHz radio Or km range via laser http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/
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The Challenge for Wearables
• Need to interconnect components UWB has lots of promise – low power – data rates high enough But no real interoperability standards between devices Not many off the shelf components – expensive (for now) Hign frequencies mean CMOS fab unlikely • & connect within PAN to other devices Probably needs to support existing standards Most likely Bluetooth But devices may will switch to UWB or similar • & connect outside of PAN Definitely needs to support existing standards Maybe via CPU point 802.11b/a too power hungry for WAN wearable use
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1) Bluetooth: PC Card and ThinkPad UltraPort
2) 802.11b PC Card, ThinkPad UltraPort and Access Point
3) ThinkPad and WorkPad Proven products
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IBM High Rate IBM High Rate Wireless LAN PC Card Wireless LAN Access Point
•
£127 list price - 128bit
•
£105 list price - 64 bit
•
Plugs into the ThinkPad’s
• •
£486 IBM Web price Bridges to the wired corporate
•
CardBus slot Provides wireless access to corporate LAN from anywhere within a 45-90m radius
•
Supports speeds from 2 to 11 Mbps
•
64 bit encryption (WEP) or 128 bit
•
LAN Allows the user to roam within coverage area
•
Can support multiple users IBM Wireless e-business
Ann: 9/5 GA: October
£143 list price
Bluetooth PC Card
For Legacy Devices 09n9812
Ann: 1Q 2001
£127 list price
Bluetooth UltraPort
For Optimal Performance 09n9811
•
Designed to replace peripheral cables for PDAs, printers, cameras, etc.
•
Designed for personal space connectivity
•
Connectivity range of 10 meters
•
Nominal data rate of 1 Mb/s
•
Built-in encryption IBM Wireless e-business
Bluetooth Module Ericsson Cell Phone Ericsson Headset R520m, T39m
•
Wireless access to Internet and corporate networks
•
Wireless connection to ThinkPad
•
Non-directional; phone can be in your briefcase
•
Wirelessly update your phone’s address book from your system
•
Insulates you from rapid changes in cellular networks IBM Wireless e-business
TDK Blue5 clip for PalmV Nokia Bluetooth “battery” for 6210 & CF 1 card GN Netcom 9000 Headset IBM Wireless e-business
This is NOT a product Linux based watch / pda “Watchpad”
•
Runs X-clock really well !
•
Also now includes Bluetooth
•
Supports Sync , DUN and Audio
•
Current demos include PIM sync, and control of PC.
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Shrinking Components – Disk Drives
1980 – IBM Launches 1 st GB Disk 2000 – IBM Launches 1 st GB Micro Drive Costs < $500 1 GB is : 2500 high resolution photos, or 1000 200 page books, or 18 hours high quality music.
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Devices that Answer Back . . . !
Standard Palm Pilot Speech Co-Processor Speech to Text Text to Speech Technology Demonstrator Progressing with Device Manufacturers Now runs on standard hPaq Ask Question Replies by Showing & Speaking Information
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IBM Prototype wearable
Highlights
ThinkPad 560X Equivalent Logic IBM YASU high density PCB Ultimate Portability Headphone Stereo Size System Unit, 0.85 lbs.(380g) IBM MicroDrive 1"Disk up to 1 G Capacity Compact Head Mount Display SVGA Full Color display (Developed by Olympus) System Unit with motherboard and battery Compact Head Mount Display - Olympus PC Eye-Trek (Micro display/Earphone/Microphone)
Not available for sale
Handy Controller - IBM Tractile (TrackPoint/Click Buttons)
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Visual Interaction
•
Vision Pad
prototype: • Transparent head mounted display • • Handheld controller Speech input • Augmented reality concept – sign recognition and translation
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Resources
IBM Pervasive Computing
• http://www.ibm.com/pvc
Bluetooth SIG
• http://www.bluetooth.com
Shameless Plug for Book
•
Bluetooth Revealed,
published by Prentice-Hall, September 2000
AU-Systems - good Bluetooth White Paper
• http://www.ausys.se/servlet/PSPDownloadServlet?iListItemId
=6833
UWB – Impulse Radio
• http://www.uwb.org
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IBM Wireless e-business