Transcript EARLY PEOPLES AND CIVILIZATIONS

EARLY PEOPLES AND
CIVILIZATIONS
•Human Origins in Africa
•Humans Try to Control Nature
•Civilization
VOCABULARY
• Artifact
• Civilization
• Culture
• Specialization
• Paleolithic Age
• Artisan
• Neolithic Age
• Institution
• Nomad
• Scribe
• Hunter-Gatherer
• Cuneiform
• Slash and Burn Farming
• Bronze Age
• Neolithic Revolution
• Barter
• Domestication
• Ziggurat
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Scientists Discover Human
Archaeologists search
Origins
through the dirt and soil to
find clues to the past.
Artifacts are found at dig
sites and information about
how the people who left
them is gathered.
Anthropologists study
cultures, how people lived
and what was unique about
each group.
Paleontologists study fossils
and then they determine the
time period in which the
artifact was created.
The above scientists work
together to find, date, and
preserve evidence from
ancient history.
STONE AGE
OLD STONE
AGE
NEW STONE
AGE
PALEOLITHIC
AGE
NEOLITHIC
AGE
PALEOLITHIC AGE
•Old Stone Age
•From about 2.5 million yrs ago to 8,000 b.c.
•Ice Age period
•Oldest know chopping tools
Paleolithic
• Old Stone Age
• Prehistoric
• Hunter-gatherer
• Nomadic
• Primitive tools
• Cave art
• Family groups – clans
NEOLITHIC AGE
•New Stone Age
•8,000 b.c. to early 3,000 b.c.
•Polished stone tools
•Pottery
•Crops
•Raised Animals
Neolithic
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New Stone Age
Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution
Began 10,000 years ago
From hunter-gatherer to farming
Permanent dwellings
Villages –cities-civilizations
Irrigation-surplus-trade
Artisans became part of society
Need for cooperation among groups
Social class systems developed
Religion became organized
Neolithic Settlement-Jericho
 Jericho (also called Tell es-
Sultan) is the name of a tell (a
mound or mount) situated on
an ancient lake bed plain in
what is known as the West
Bank, Palestine. The city that
the tell represents is one of
oldest continuously occupied
(more or less) locations on
the planet.
Evolution of Homo sapiens
Homo
Habilis
Homo
Erectus
Homo
Sapiens
• Tools
• East Africa,
2.5 million
yrs ago
• Technology
• East Africa,
1.6 million
yrs ago
• Modern
Humans
• East Africa,
200,000
yrs ago
The hominids
Australopithicus
 a. appeared in east Africa about 4
million to 1 million years ago
 b. walked upright on two legs; well
developed hands
 c. stone tools, fire later
The hominids, continued
Peopling of the World
Human Origins ~ Scientific Discovery
*Mary Leakey, archaeologist, in Tanzania, found
footprints of earliest humans-1978
“LUCY”
 Discovered in
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1974
Donald Johnson
and his team
Ethiopia
The unusually
complete
skeleton of and
adult, female
hominid
She had lived
around 3.5
million years ago
The oldest
hominid found to
date
Australopithecus
LUCY
LUCY
Homo Erectus
 a. 2.5 million to 2 hundred thousand years
ago, east Africa
 b. Large brain, sophisticated tools; definitely
knew how to control fire
 c. Developed language skills in wellcoordinated hunts of large animals
 d. Migrated to Asia and Europe
Homo Sapiens
-evolved as early as two hundred
thousand years ago
 Brain with large frontal region for conscious and reflective
thought.
Homo
Sapiens
Neanderthals
CroMagnons
NEANDERTHALS
Were not distributed
throughout world, mainly
Europe and parts of Asia
CRO-MAGNONS
•The first human beings of fully modern type;
appeared forty thousand years ago
•Homo sapiens, sapiens-modern man
TECHNOLOGY AND ART
•Used stone, bone, and wood to fashion more than
100 different types of tools.
•Paleolithic Art
•Sympathetic Magic/Cave Paintings-effort to
control the subject by capturing their spirits.
•Neolithic Revolution
•Early Farming
•Domestication of Animals
Cave paintings
found in France
Venus figures-small sculptures of
women which represent love
and/or fertility
Neolithic era and transition to
agriculture
 Neolithic era; new stone age; refined tools
and agriculture
a. About 12,000 – 6,000 years ago
b. Neolithic women began systematic
cultivation of plants/crops
c. Neolithic men began domestication
of animals
d. Metallurgy-metal working
e. Egalitarian society-belief in human equality
f. Pastoralism-ranchers
Early agriculture around 9,000 B.C.E.
 a. agriculture emerged independently in several parts of the world
 b. merchants, migrants, and travelers spread food knowledge
 c. slash and burn cultivation involved frequent movement of
farmers
 d. agriculture is more work than hunting/gathering but can
provide a steady, large supply of food
 e. land ownership creates social distinctions
Case Study-Catal Huyuk (located in
present day Turkey)
 One of the best known Neolithic settlements
Venus Figurine-usually
found in burial sites.
CIVILIZATION
Villages Grow Into Cities
•Economic Changes
•Social Changes
WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?
 Advanced Cities
 Specialized Workers
 Complex Institutions
 Record keeping
 Advanced Technology
CASE STUDY-UR
•An Agricultural Economy
•City Life
•Trade
•Temples
•Religious Record