Transcript Chapter 3
Chapter 3 How do people adapt to their environment? Stone Age Used stones to make tools and weapons Paleolithic means “old stone” or Old Stone Age 2,500,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C. Nomads Moved from place to place to survive and search for food No roads, farms, or villages Moved in groups of 20-30 Hunter – gatherers Nomads Searched for buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, fish, nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, green plants. Men hunted large animals far from camp – used clubs to kill or pushed animals off a cliff. Then learned to make tools or weapons. They also set traps. Women stayed at camp-usually near water- and watched after the kids and searched for nuts, berries, and grains. Men and women worked together equally. Technology Tools & methods to perform tasks Made devices from hard stone called “flint” Made spears, bows, arrows, and fishhooks Used animal hides for clothing and shelter or stayed in caves Technology FIRE – used for warmth, light, to scare off wild animals, chase animals from bushes, and cooking Used by rubbing two pieces of wood together to cause friction. Language & Art Paleolithic people started expressing themselves through spoken word, like we use today, and art. There was still NO WRITTEN word. Paleolithic people expressed ideas through cave drawings (symbols, drawings, ect) Ice Ages Long periods of extreme cold Threatened the lives of humans They had to learn to use more fat in their diet Made sturdier shelters and warmer clothes during these extreme cold times Ice Ages As the ice pieces grew larger, the sea levels lowered, exposing a strip of dry land that connected Asia to North America. This was known as a “land bridge” The land bridge was used by people and animals to travel and settle in different regions The ice age forced Paleolithic people to adapt to their environment by changing their thinking. It lasted 90000 years and ended between 9000-8000 BC. Neolothic Age: The Agricultural Revolution The Neolithic Age began when some, not all people began staying in one place to grow grains and vegetables; domesticate or tame animals for human use (transporting goods, providing meat, milk, or wool Neolithic age lasted been 8000-4000 BC Neolithic means “new stone”: stone tools were created and used during this time Agricultural Revolution Systematic farming (growing food on a regular basis) is known as Agricultural Revolution Being able to grow a constant food supply allowed people to settle communities because the population was growing at a faster rate. Some historians consider the Agricultural Revolution to be the most important event in human history Farming Timeline Who When Plants Animals SW Asia 8000 BC Wheat/Barley Pigs, goats, cows, sheep Nile River 6000 BC Wheat/Barley India 8000-5000 BC Wheat/Barley Africa 6000 BC Yams/bananas China 6000 BC Millet/rice Dogs, Pigs Central America 7000-5000 BC Squash/potatoes Chicken, Dogs Life in the Neolithic Age People settled in villages near plants and water (especially rivers) They built permanent homes Jericho is one of the oldest Neolithic Communities Catahuyuk – Story Time! Life in Neolithic Age As populations grew so did food supplies Increased food supplies allowed communities to trade certain foods for others. It also allowed for people to take on or specialize in different jobs other than farming Weapon making Jewelry making Pottery to store grains Basket/clothes making Life in the Neolithic Age Gender Roles Men Women `Worked in fields `Farmed and herded animals `bore children `made clothes, `managed supplies, `performed other tasks Tools Created Rakes Sickles to cut grain Millstones to grind flour Some regions began working with copper Tools Created CRAFTSPEOPLE IN WESTERN ASIA DISCOVERED THAT MIXING COPPER AND TIN FORMED BRONZE. (3000 BC)THIS MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE BRONZE AGE! Emerging Empires By the beginning of the Bronze Age, communities were widespread. 4 great river valley civilizations were formed by the year 3000 BC 1. Mesopotamia 2. Egypt 3. India 4. China All great civilizations share similar characteristics Shared Characteristics Developed cities and formed governments First governments formed were known as monarchy’s (ruled by a King or Queen) Created armies Religion Early people believed that god’s were responsible for a communities survival Rulers claimed that their power came from approval of god’s Social Structure Based on the type of work a person did and the amount of power or wealth they had. Highest Rulers, priests, government officials, warriors Middle Farmers, artisans, craftspeople Lowest Enslaved people who were captured in war Writing and Art People used symbols instead of letters and words to keep accurate records and preserve stories Artists created paintings and sculptures portraying gods and forces of nature Massive buildings were designed as places of worship or burial tombs for kings