Transcript Give Me Liberty! Ch25

Norton Media Library
Chapter 25
The Sixties,
1960–1968
Eric Foner
I. Greensboro Sit-in
II. The Freedom Movement
A. The Rising Tide of Protest
1. CORE organized the Freedom Rides in 1961
2. As protests escalated so did the resistance of
local authorities
a.
b.
Albany, Georgia
James Meredith
B. Birmingham
1. The high point of protest came in the spring
of 1963
II. The Freedom Movement
(con’t)
2.
Martin Luther King, Jr., led a demonstration in
Birmingham, Alabama
a.
3.
King made the bold decision to send black school
children into the streets of Birmingham
a.
4.
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Bull Connor unleashed his forces against the children
The events in Birmingham forced white Americans
to decide whether they had more in common with
fellow citizens demanding their basic rights or with
violent segregationists
a.
Medgar Evers
II. The Freedom Movement
(con’t)
C. The March on Washington
1.
2.
The March on Washington was organized by a
coalition of civil rights, labor, and church
organizations led by A. Philip Randolph
The March on Washington reflected an
unprecedented degree of black-white cooperation in
support of racial and economic justice while reveling
some of the movement’s limitations, and the tensions
within it
III. The Kennedy Years
A. Kennedy and the World
1.
Kennedy’s agenda envisioned new initiatives aimed
at countering communist influence in the world
a.
b.
2.
Peace Corps
Space program
Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress was aimed at Latin
America
B. The Bay of Pigs
1.
Kennedy failed at ousting Castro from power in Cuba
III. The Kennedy Years (con’t)
C. The Missile Crisis
1.
2.
The most dangerous crisis of the Kennedy
administration came in October 1962, when
American spy planes discovered that the Soviet
Union was installing missiles in Cuba capable of
reaching the United States with nuclear weapons
In 1963, Kennedy moved to reduce Cold War
tensions
a.
Limited Test-Ban Treaty
III. The Kennedy Years (con’t)
D. Kennedy and Civil Rights
1. Kennedy failed to protect civil rights workers
from violence, insisting that law enforcement
was a local matter
2. The events in Birmingham in 1963 forced
Kennedy to take more action
E. The Assassination
1. Kennedy was shot on November 22, 1963, in
Dallas
IV. Lyndon Johnson’s
Presidency
A. Civil Rights under Johnson
1.
2.
Immediately after becoming president, Lyndon Johnson
identified himself with the black movement more passionately
than any previous president
In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act
B. Freedom Summer
1.
2.
The 1964 law did not address a major concern of the civil rights
movement—the right to vote in the South
Freedom Summer was a voter registration drive in Mississippi
a.
Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney
IV. Lyndon Johnson’s
Presidency (con’t)
3.
Freedom Summer led directly to the campaign by the
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
a.
Fannie Lou Hammer
C. The 1964 Election
1.
2.
3.
Lyndon B. Johnson’s opponent was Barry Goldwater, who was
portrayed as pro–nuclear war and anti–civil rights
Johnson was stigmatized by the Democrats as an extremist who
would repeal Social Security and risk nuclear war
Proposition 14 repealed a 1963 law banning racial
discrimination in the sale of real estate
IV. Lyndon Johnson’s
Presidency (con’t)
D. Selma and Voting Rights
1. In 1965 King led a group in a march from
Selma to Montgomery
2. The federal government took action when
there was violence against nonviolent
demonstrators
a. 1965 Voting Rights Act
b. Twenty-fourth Amendment
IV. Lyndon Johnson’s
Presidency (con’t)
E.
Immigration Reform
1.
2.
F.
The belief that racism should no longer serve as a basis of
public policy spilled over into other realms
Taken together, the civil rights revolution and immigration
reform marked the triumph of a pluralist conception of
Americanism
The Great Society
1.
2.
Johnson outlined the most sweeping proposal for governmental
action to promote the general welfare since the New Deal
Unlike the New Deal, however, the Great Society was a
response to prosperity, not depression
IV. Lyndon Johnson’s
Presidency (con’t)
G. The War on Poverty
1.
The centerpiece of the Great Society crusade to
eradicate poverty
a.
2.
3.
Michael Harrington’s The Other America
In the 1960s, the administration attributed poverty to
an absence of skills and a lack of proper attitudes and
work habits
The War on Poverty concentrated on equipping the
poor with skills and rebuilding their spirit and
motivation
a.
Office of Economic Opportunity
IV. Lyndon Johnson’s
Presidency (con’t)
H. Freedom and Equality
1.
2.
3.
Johnson resurrected the phrase “freedom from want,”
all but forgotten during the 1950s
Johnson’s Great Society may not have achieved
equality “as a fact,” but it represented a remarkable
reaffirmation of the idea of social citizenship
Coupled with the decade’s high rate of economic
growth, the War on Poverty succeeded in reducing
the incidence of poverty from 22 percent to 13
percent of American families during the 1960s
V. The Changing Black
Movement
A. The Ghetto Uprising
1. In 1965 a Watts uprising left 35 dead, 900
injured and $30 million in property damage
2. By the summer of 1967, violence had become
so widespread that some feared racial civil
war
a. Kerner Report
V. The Changing Black
Movement (con’t)
B. Economic Freedom
1.
With black unemployment twice that of whites and
average black family income little more than half the
white norm, the movement looked for ways to “make
freedom real” for black Americans
a.
b.
2.
“Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged”
Freedom Budget
In 1966, King launched the Chicago Freedom
Movement, with demands quite different from its
predecessors in the South
a.
The movement failed
V. The Changing Black
Movement (con’t)
C. Malcolm X
1. Malcolm X had insisted that blacks must
control the political and economic resources
of their communities and rely on their own
efforts rather than working with whites
2. After a trip to Mecca, Malcolm X began to
speak of the possibility of interracial
cooperation for radical change in the United
States
V. The Changing Black
Movement (con’t)
D. The Rise of Black Power
1.
2.
Black Power immediately became a rallying cry for
those bitter over the federal government’s failure to
stop violence against civil rights workers, white
attempts to determine movement strategy, and the
civil rights movement’s failure to have any impact on
the economic problems of black ghettos
The idea reflected the radicalization of young civil
rights activists and sparked and explosion of racial
self-assertion
V. The Changing Black
Movement (con’t)
3. Inspired by the idea of black selfdetermination, SNCC and CORE repudiated
their previous interracialism and new militant
groups sprang into existence
a. Black Panther Party
VI. Vietnam and the New Left
A. Old and New Lefts
1. What made the New Left new was its
rejection of the intellectual and political
categories that had shaped radicalism for
most of the twentieth century
2. The New Left was not as new as it claimed
3. The New Left’s greatest inspiration was the
black freedom movement
VI. Vietnam and the New Left
(con’t)
B. Participatory Democracy
1.
2.
The years 1962 and 1963 witnessed the appearance of several
pathbreaking books that challenged one aspect or another of the
1950s consensus
The Port Huron Statement offered a new vision of social change
a.
Freedom meant “participatory democracy”
C. The Free Speech Movement
1.
In 1964, events at the University of California at Berkeley
revealed the possibility for a far broader mobilization of students
in the name of participatory democracy
a.
Mario Savio
VI. Vietnam and the New Left
(con’t)
D. America and Vietnam
1. The war in Vietnam transformed student
protest into a full-fledged generational
rebellion
2. Fear that the public would not forgive them
for “losing” Vietnam made it impossible for
Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to remove
the United States from an increasingly
untenable situation
VI. Vietnam and the New Left
(con’t)
E. Lyndon Johnson’sWar
1.
2.
3.
Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution in
1964, authorizing the president to take “all necessary
measures to repel armed attack” in Vietnam
Although Johnson campaigned in 1964 against
sending U.S. troops to Vietnam, troops arrived in
1965
By 1968, the number of American troops in Vietnam
exceeded half a million and the conduct of the war
had become more and more brutal
VI. Vietnam and the New Left
(con’t)
F. Critics of the War
1.
2.
As casualties mounted and American bombs poured
down on North and South Vietnam, the Cold War
foreign policy consensus began to unravel
Opposition to the war became the organizing theme
that united all kinds of doubts and discontents
a.
The burden of fighting fell on the working class and the
poor
G. The Antiwar Movement
1.
SDS began antiwar demonstrations in 1965
a.
Carl Ogelsby
VI. Vietnam and the New Left
(con’t)
H. The Counterculture
1.
I.
As the 1960s progressed, young Americans’
understanding of freedom expanded to include
cultural freedom
Liberation
1.
2.
Liberation was a massive redefinition of freedom as a
rejection of all authority
The counterculture in some ways represented not
rebellion but the fulfillment of the consumer
marketplace
VI. Vietnam and the New Left
(con’t)
3.
4.
5.
To young dissenters, personal liberation represented a spirit of
creative experimentation, a search for a way of life in which
friendship and pleasure eclipsed the single-minded pursuit of
wealth
The counterculture emphasized the ideal of community
The counterculture’s notion of liberation centered on the free
individual
a.
Sexual freedom
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution
A. The Reawakening of Feminism
B. The Feminine Mystique
1.
2.
3.
4.
The public reawakening of feminist consciousness came with
the publication in 1963 of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine
Mystique
The immediate result of The Feminine Mystique was to focus
attention on yet another gap between American rhetoric and
American reality
The law slowly began to address feminist concerns
1966 saw the formation of the National Organization for
Women (NOW), with Friedan as president
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
C. Women’s Liberation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Many women in the civil rights movement concluded
that the treatment of women in society was not much
better than society’s treatment of blacks
The same complaints arose in SDS
By 1967, women throughout the country were
establishing “consciousness-raising” groups to
discuss the sources of their discontent
The new feminism burst onto the national scene at
the Miss America beauty pageant of 1968
a.
“bra-burners”
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
D. Personal Freedom
1.
2.
Women believed that “the personal is political,” thus
permanently changing Americans’ definition of
freedom
Radical feminists’ first public campaign demanded
the repeal of state laws that underscored women’s
lack of self-determination by banning abortions or
leaving it up to physicians to decide whether a
pregnancy could be terminated
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
E. Gay Liberation
1.
2.
Gay men and lesbians had long been stigmatized as
sinful or mentally disordered
The 1960s transformed the gay movement
a.
Stonewall Bar
F. Latino Activism
1.
The movement emphasized pride in both the
Mexican past and the new Chicano culture that had
arisen in the United States
a.
Cesar Chavez
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
2.
In New York City, the Young Lords Organization
modeled on the Black Panthers staged street
demonstrations to protest the high unemployment
rate among the city’s Puerto Ricans and the lack of
city services in Latino neighborhoods
G. Red Power
1.
Indian activists demanded not simply economic aid
but also greater self-determination
a.
b.
c.
American Indian Movement
Indians of All Nations
Red Power movement
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
H. The New Environmentalism
1.
2.
3.
The new environmentalism was more activist and youthoriented, and spoke the language of empowering citizens to
participate in decisions that affected their lives
Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring spurred the movement
Despite vigorous opposition from business groups that
considered its proposals a violation of property rights,
environmentalism attracted the broadest bipartisan support of
any of the new social movements
a.
April 22, 1970—Earth Day
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
I.
Consumer Activism
1.
J.
Closely related to environmentalism was the consumer
movement, spearheaded by the lawyer Ralph Nader
The Rights Revolution
1.
2.
3.
Under the guidance of Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme
Court vastly expanded the rights enjoyed by all Americans
The Court moved to rein in the anticommunist crusade in 1957
on what is known as “Red Monday”
The Court continued to guard civil liberties in the 1950s and
1960s
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
K. Policing the States
1. The Court simultaneously pushed forward the
process of imposing upon the states the
obligation to respect the liberties outlined in
the Bill of Rights
a. Miranda v. Arizona
b. Baker v. Carr
VII.
The New Movements
and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
L. The Right to Privacy
1.
The Warren Court outlined entirely new rights in
response to the rapidly changing contours of
American society
a.
b.
2.
Griswold v. Connecticut
Roe v. Wade
Griswold and Roe unleashed a flood of rulings and
laws that seemed to accept the feminist view of the
family as a collection of sovereign individuals rather
than a unit with a single head
VIII.
1968
A. A Year of Turmoil
1.
The 1960s reached their climax in 1968, a year when
momentous events succeeded each other with such
rapidity that the foundations of society seemed to be
dissolving
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Tet Offensive
LBJ withdrew from 1968 election
Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated
Columbia University student strike
Robert Kennedy was assassinated
Chicago Democratic National Convention
VIII.
1968 (con’t)
B. Nixon’s Comeback
1. The year’s events opened the door for a
conservative reaction
2. Richard Nixon campaigned as the champion
of the “silent majority”
C. The Legacy of the 1960s
1. The 1960s produced new rights and a new
understanding of freedom
The Presidential Election of 1964
The Vietnam War, 1964–1975
The Presidential Election of 1968
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This concludes the Norton Media Library
Slide Set for Chapter 25
Give Me Liberty!
An American History
by
Eric Foner
W. W. Norton & Company
Independent and Employee-Owned