The 1960s: A Time of Conflict and Change

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The Kennedy Presidency (1961 – 1963) A. John Fitzgerald Kennedy: The Man (Democrat) * 43 yrs… Navy… Purple Heart… Author… Catholic..

“Camelot” image… power of TV… Debate B. Domestic Policy: “New Frontier * Expand SS benefits; raised mini wage, lowered tariffs, supported 24 th A (1964)

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John F. Kennedy

C. Foreign Policy 1. Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) *’59: Castro dictatorship: allied w/ Soviet * JFK: final approval for CIA planned invasion * Exiles: landed at Bay of Pigs * Invasion failed: no local support * Ex of containment & MD / RC * Strengthen Castro/ weaken JFK/ US prestige * Took full responsibility : on TV!

I. Kennedy

C. Foreign Policy 2. Alliance for Progress * Hoped to improve relations w/ LA and stop commies * Pledged $20b to help w/ economy * Money instead went to dictators’ pockets: * Tried to combine “GNP” & Containment”: not successful

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John F. Kennedy

C. Foreign Policy 3. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) * Missile bases: being built in Cuba… Kennedy announced naval blockade… Khrushchev * Soviets removed and US secretly agreed not to put missiles in Turkey * RE: Containment, MD, RC *1963: US, USSR, GR Br signed Nuclear Test Ban Treaty * Agreed not to test nuclear weapons in air, space, sea

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John Kennedy

4. The Peace Corps * Idealistic plan… earn the “hearts and minds” * Technical, educational, health… US influence 5. Space Race: “New Frontier” *’69: Neil Armstrong: walk on the moon * Nat’l Aeronautics & Space Admini (50s): NASA 6. Berlin Wall: August 1961 * Visited Berlin Wall… renewed US commitment to defend city and Western Europe… “Ich bin ein berliner”…. Down in 1989

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John F. Kennedy

D. Assassination: November 22, 1963 * Dallas, Texas… Lee Harvey Oswold… Jack Ruby * LBJ: sworn in * Chief Justice Earl Warren & Warren Commission * Nation: horrified

II. The Johnson Presidency (1963 – 1968)

A. Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ): The Man *Texas “ND”… teacher…youngest “ML” in Senate history (46)… opposite of JFK B. Domestic Policy: The Great Society 1. Goals * Completed JFK term, ran against Goldwater in ‘64 *Goldwater: extremist (“Daisy Campaign”) * Promised: end poverty, hunger, disease, racial injustices, & “no wider war”

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Johnson

B. Domestic Policy: The Great Society Programs 5.

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VISTA Program Office of Economic Opportunity Project Head Start Project Upward Bound Job Corps Medicare: Truman receives first card at 81 Medicaid

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Johnson

B. Domestic Policy Programs 8.

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Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD) Open Housing Act (1968) 10. Food Stamp Act of 1964… Food Stamp Program 11. Tax Reduction Act 12. Civil Rights Act (1964) 13. The Elementary & Secondary Ed Act 14. Wilderness Act (1964) 15. Voting Rights Act (1965)

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Johnson

B. Domestic Policy: The Great Society Programs 16. Immigration Act of 1965 17. Highway Safety Act of 1966 18. National Wildlife Preservation Act (1964) 19. Clean Water Restoration Act (1966) 20. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

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Johnson

• • • • Positive Effects 10% decrease in # of people living below poverty Drop in infant mortality; dec. in minority unem Average family income increase Increase in federal involvement in lives ( + or - ?) • • • • Negative Effects Underfunded Diminished in popularity w/ increase involvement in Vietnam “White Backlash” Prog, NDeal: foreign conflict took attention away

III. The Warren Court

Chief Justice Earl Warren… Judicial Activism… Review Book & Chart…

IV. The Vietnam War (1954 – 1973)

A. Geneva Conference * Ho Chi Minh: Commie: North (Viet Minh) * Ngo Dinh Diem: pro Western: South * Vietcong: South Vietnamese Communists B. Kennedy & Vietnam * Domino Theory… Containment

IV. The Vietnam War

Johnson & Escalation 1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) 2. A Guerilla War … Ho Chi Minh Trail; Nationalist Cause, not Communist 3. Reasons for the War

IV. The Vietnam War

Resistance to the War Hawks & Doves… Student Protests & Marches… Resisters Add: The Tet Offensive (January 1968) * Vietnam New Year Holiday: “Tet” * Demonstrated Vietnamese forces were still strong * Affect public opinion: “credibility gap”: TV!

* Why are we there?

IV. The Vietnam War

Resistance to War: Other Events *My Lai Massacre (1968) *Lt William Calley * March 1968 (sheet) * Johnson: Not run for a second term * Election of 1968: Humphrey v. Nixon (sheet)

IV. The Vietnam War

Nixon & Vietnam 1. Vietnamization * Invasion of Cambodia * Student protests… Kent State University 2. Diplomatic Overtures/ Paris Peace Accords * Henry Kissinger… “Peace w/ Honor”

IV. The Vietnam War

Nixon & Vietnam Add: Pentagon Papers * Classified govt documents * Leaked to NYT by D.Ellsberg

* Revealed… led to public disillusionment * New York Times v. US & prior restraint

The Legacy of Vietnam War

1. Death & Destruction * 58,000 died… 300,000 wounded… 20 years… $150 billion… 2500 POW & MIA * “Baby Killers”… Agent Orange * Vietnam Veterans Memorial (1982)

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The Legacy of Vietnam

2. Impact of Public Opinion * Future lesson for prez: justify and explain war * Success: well prepared & supportive public 3. War Powers Act (1973) * Passed over Nixon’s Veto * See Review Book

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The Legacy of Vietnam

4. Loss of US Confidence Abroad * Too locked into “containment”… US ? Role as “world policeman” * “Not another Vietnam” 5. Boat People & Immigration ** Review Charts

VI. Unrest in the Nation

A. The Youth Counterculture * “Baby Boomers”… Relaxed child care … tv…Drugs… “Youth Culture”… hippies… Anti-est.’t & war…Woodstock Festival B. Women’s Liberation Movement 1. Reasons * Influence of Civil Rights Movement * “Sexual Revolution” … object to images * Leadership: Betty Friedan ( The Feminine Mystique & NOW); Gloria Steinam

VI. Unrest in the Nation

B. Women’s Rights Movement Page 267– 269 in Review Book * Civil Rights Act of 1964: sex * Title IX: same financial support * Roe v. Wade; Griswold v. Conn.

* Vocab: feminism, sexism, glass ceiling * Mixed record for the movement

VI. Unrest in the Nation

C. Increasing African American Militancy 1. The Ghettos Erupt (1965 --- 1968) * Segregation; Assassinations; discrimination 2. Kerner Commission: Racism behind riots (quote) 3. Black Power Movement * Black Muslims: Nation of Islam * Black Panthers: reparations for past * Malcolm X: “all means necessary”

IV. Unrest in the Nation

D. American Indian Movement: Page 270 E. Latinos: Chart: Sheet & page 270 * CA farms: abused, exploited workers… owners ignored laws and standards * National Farm Workers Association & United Farm Workers… boycotts & civil disobedience * 1975: allow collective bargaining for farm workers