Transcript Slide 1

Group 2
Design Theory
 Anthony Menicucci
 Bill Fan
 Nathan Burns
 Keith Jansen
 Chris King
February 1, 2006
Design Theory
 Design defined
 Guiding the design process
 Design Elements
 Industrial, Engineering and Craft design
 The design process and benchmarking
Design must first be
defined in order to create
astatically pleasing
objects to the eye.
How is design defined?
Design is the quest for simplicity
and order.
Though this is art, how does this Zen
Buddhist picture create simplicity?
This Japanese room exhibits
qualities of simplicity and order.
Design is the process of inventing
artifacts that display a new physical
order , organization and form in
response to function.
More so, design is creative
problem solving.
In application to this class,
design is the ability to market
what you have made.
What design
elements help
make the “iPod
nano” superior
visually, to its
competitor the
“Zen micro”.
IPod advertisement
IPod advertisement
ZEN MICRO sample
Advertisement
ZEN MICRO
sample
Advertisement
Technology alters as time passes,
and so seemingly would design.
However, design elements can be
seen reappearing throughout history.
Sample 80’s technology
Sample 90’s technology
Sample 90’s technology
Sample 00’s technology
Compilation of technology
Guiding The Design Process
Albert
Einstein
 Primary consideration
 Functional Requirements
 Material Requirements
 Visual Requirements
Functional Requirements
Example:
Bottle Opener
 A product must fit the purpose or need for
which it is intended.
 You don’t want a appliance that is difficult
and awkward to use, the tool that fails to
perform as intended.
Functional Requirements
Hacksaw
 Make it easy to use!
 Tools must be usable. Example: Hacksaw
 The blade is positioned so that cuts can be made
flush to the surface
 Handle provides a safe, comfortable, and convenient
shape for holding the tool in use.
Functional Requirements
 Considerable attention must be given to
the matter of functionality.
 When designing the specifications of a
desk chair, the bodily dimensions of the
consumer must be taken into account.
Functional Requirements
The Ultimate
Computer
Chair by
Roger Arrick
 For Whom?
 Other chairs have other functions and must
be designed for their special uses, such as
those for typists, dentists and drafters.
Functional Requirements
 Let function guide the design effort
 Designers can be guilty of allowing artistic
views to interfere with the function of the
product.
 However, there lies a certain danger in
oversimplifying the role of function in design.
Material Requirements
 The project or product should reflect a simple,
direct, and practical use of the substance of
which it is made.
 The designer should achieve maximum benefit
from a minimum amount of wisely selected
materials.
 The structure of the product will be sound and
will be as strong as necessary without any waste
of materials or excess bulk.
Material Requirements
 Woods
 Wood is warm, pleasing, soft,insulating, easily
worked, but not as strong as most metals and
plastics.
 Types of wood include Cedar, Maple, Oak, Poplar,
and Balsa.
Material Requirements
 Metals
 Metals are durable, fire proof, tough, harder to work with than
wood, and can be fabricated by a broad range of processes, but
they rust and corrode and can be noisy.
 Metals can be bent, folded, and formed.
 Types of metals include Aluminum, Brass, Copper, Steel, Lead,
and Tin.
Material Requirements
O-Rings
 Plastics
 Plastic is easily formed, insulating, subject to
temperature limitations, quiet, break resistant, and
can be compounded to meet almost any product
requirement.
 Types include Nylon, fiberglass, Polycarbonate, and
HDPE.
Material Requirements
Fong Choo
 Ceramics
 Are noisy, brittle, good insulators, easy to form
while in a plastic state, and can withstand
high temperatures, but difficult to form or
modify after they have been fired or set.
Material Requirements
Mill
 Factors in choosing material.
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Cost
Knowledge of materials
Knowledge of material limitations
Applications- material that can be used for soldering,
welding, and gluing.
 Purpose
 Machine Process
Example: Industrial Casters
Used for rolling supports for furniture or
equipment that is frequently moved from
place to place.
Industrial Caster
 Functional Requirements
 Some are slick and slippery so they can slide
aimlessly rather than rolling smoothly and
providing convenient movement without
scratching the floor.
Industrial Caster
 Material Requirements
 Wheel material so often is wood, brittle
plastic, or hard rubber, which wears and
flattens in time so that the caster is
permanent.
Industrial Caster
 Visual Requirements
 This caster also is a classic formal display of
unity and variety, with a smooth transition
from one visual element to another.
Visual Requirements
 A project or product should have a pleasing
appearance to the consumer.
 A project or product should have beauty, good
taste, and a sensitivity to appearance.
 Humans respond more positively to pleasing
objects rather than ugly objects.
Visual Requirements
Brake Rotor
 It should be noted that engineering designers
generally are less concerned with appearance
than are industrial designers.
 A technical person designing an automotive disc
brake does not really care what it looks like.
Visual Requirements
 The Elements and Principles of Design.
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Balance
Proportion
Colors
Textures
Structure
Elements of Design
 The 4 Basic symbols
 Lines, Planes, Forms, and Surface Qualities
 Separated into 2 Classes of Design Elements
 First class: Lines
 Second Class: Planes, Forms, and Surface Qualities
Line Elements
Curve linesexpress a feeling that
is not of strength, but
rather of elegances
and beauty.
Straight linesexpress aggressive,
strength, and passive
emotions.
Forms, and Surface Qualities
Forms- three-dimensional
constructions comprised of
combinations of lines and planes.
Surface Qualitiesfaces of planes enhanced,
embellished, or modified by
color and texture to add
interest or emphasis to a
design.
The qualities of a surface
 2 Reflective qualities of a surface
 Color
 Texture
 A design of lines, planes, forms, and
surface qualities working together in
harmony.
Design Principles
 Unity and Variety- within a design there must
be a sense of belonging or similarity among the
components parts to the order and wholeness.
Design Principles
 Balance and Proportion
 Golden Section- a formula developed in 600 BC, by the
Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras to define the
concept of natural harmony.
 Optical balance- balance that can be visually seen.
 Formal symmetry
 Informal symmetry
Industrial and Engineering Design
 Industrial Design
 Defining industrial design
 Visual aspects of design
 Ergonomics
 Engineering Design
 Defining engineering design
 Steps for design problem solving
 Form vs. Function
Industrial Design
Industrial Design: The Professional service of creating
and developing concepts and specifications that optimize
the function, value, and appearance of products and
systems for the mutual benefit of both user and
manufacturer.
Visual aspects of design
 One aspect of Industrial design is to make a
product more visually appealing to the
consumer. Product shell and machine covering
designs are one way this is achieved. The other
is through the total design of artifacts.
Ergonomics
Ergonomics: The applied
science of equipment
design, as for the
workplace, intended to
maximize productivity by
reducing operator fatigue
and discomfort.
 Ergonomics is another
aspect of Industrial
design that deals directly
with the consumer.
Engineering design
Engineering design: The process by which
a need is transformed into an actuality.
Steps for design problem solving
 Defining the need clearly
 Examining strategies used by others
 Defining constraints
 Weight
 Size
 Cost
 Weighting alternatives
 Considering how to synthesize available
technology to meet the product needs
Form vs. Function
 Engineering design is the technical side of
design which is more concerned with the
function of the product rather than the
form.
Craft Design
A picture of a rare,
non mass-produced
Greek vase.
 Many items are not mass produced.
 The uniqueness of these products improve their value.
Craft Design
A picture of a simple,
cheap and mass
produced vase.
 When a company designs a unique product, they may try to
alter some aspects of it to allow for its mass production.
 This will only be done if the functionality and purpose of the
object is not neglected.
 The Manufacturing Engineers typically are responsible for
determining the product’s producibility and will recommend
any changes needed to make it more producible.
The Design Process
One of the problems tire
companies run into is
making tires which have
long-lasting tread.
 Phase 1: Identify the Problem
 Determine what the product is designed to do.
 Ask the question: What could make the product
better?
 Determine how to present a commodity that will
render a service or meet a need in a manner that is
superior to all other company’s products.
The Design Process
Companies often
use graphs when
collecting data.
 Phase 2: Collect Data
 The designer must research:
 Cost analysis
 Benchmarks examined
 Market assessments made
 The product may be altered in some aspects to
improve the feasibility of manufacturing the product
and the overall marketability of the product.
The Design Process
Here are
pictures of two
different styles
of rocking
chairs.
 Phase 3: Hypothesize
 Known as the “concept-development stage”.
 The designer must consider alternative design styles
and alternative materials.
 Any suggestions by a member of the design team will
be discussed and evaluated.
The Design Process
Crash test pictures
of a Ford F-150 and
a MINI Cooper.
 Phase 4: Experiment
 Any modifications are compared and contrasted with
the original product.
 The designers will simulate the use of a product.
 Any malfunctions are corrected/removed before the
product is put into production.
The Design Process
A Ford Victoria with
before and after
pictures of its paint
job.
 Phase 5: The Final Solution
 Refinements are made to avoid unneeded special
methods of manufacture.
 If possible, use standard components.
 Improve the product’s appearance.
 The entire design-for-manufacturing group may meet
and celebrate the final product.
Benchmarking
 -“the study of a competitor’s
product or business
practices in order to
improve the performance of
one’s own company”
 Has become popular since
its arrival in the early
1980’s.
Benchmarking
 Robert C. Camp
 Know your operation
 Know your leading
competitors
 Incorporate the best
 Gain superiority
References
 www.merriam-webster.com
 http://www.integrus.net/golden/index.html?/golden/sectio
n.html