Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션

Formal differences between English
and Chinese
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There are many formal differences between English and
Chinese. There exist different tenses in English which are
used to show specific times when things, events, or
activities occur, whereas in Chinese time-markers are
employed. There are articles in English and English nouns
and pronouns have their plural forms, whereas Chinese
has no articles and Chinese characters and words have no
plural forms in themselves. The Chinese language tends to
use measure words, classifiers, summarizers, categorizers,
etc. which are rarely found in English.
根据形式增加词语
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根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文中增
加词语
增加原文中被省略的成分
增加适当的连词或关联词
根据修辞的需要增加适当的词语
根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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4.
不及物动词后增加合适的宾语
Miss Havisham send her out to attract and torment and do mischief, with the
malicious assurance that she was beyond the reach of all admirers.
郝薇香小姐把她放出去招蜂引蝶，去折磨男人，去糟害男人，其恶毒用心就是让
追求她的男人对她永远可望不可及。
She committed the crime of loving wrongly.
她犯了罪过，爱错了人。
He rode with her whenever she was free.
她一有空，他就陪她骑马兜风。
(农村改革)开始搞并不踊跃呀，好多人在看。我们的政策是允许看的，允许看，
比强制好得多。
At first, people were not enthusiastic about the rural reform and many waited to
see how it would work. It was our policy to permit people to do that, which was
much better than coercing them.
根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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增加表示复数的词
They carried on the work in spite of the difficulties.
尽管困难重重，他们还是把工作进行下去了。
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown
blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea
were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had
the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars
were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.
老人消瘦而憔悴，脖颈上有些很深的皱纹。腮帮上有些褐斑，那是太阳在热带海面上反射
的光线所引起的良性皮肤癌变。 褐斑从他脸的两侧一直蔓延下去，他的双手常用绳索拉大
鱼， 留下了刻得很深的伤疤。但是这些伤疤中没有一块是新的。它们像无鱼可打的沙漠中
被侵蚀的地方一般古老。
The five rings represent the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and America.
五个圆圈代表五大洲——欧洲、亚洲、非洲、澳洲和美洲。
中文的数量表达含糊，而英文相对精确，在法律英语或科技文献中，为求精确，中译英有
时也要增加说明数量的词。例如：
中方或合营者的一方担任董事长的，由他方担任副董事长。
If the Chinese side or the foreign side assumes the office of the chairman, the other side
shall assume the office(s) of the vice-chairman (vice-chairmen).
根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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增加合适的量词
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英文中也有量词，但主要用于不可数名词，比起汉语少得多。英译汉时
往往增加量词。
two languages 两种语言
an elephant tusk 一根象牙
three eggs
三个鸡蛋
five students
五名学生
There was the red sun, on the low level of the shore, in a purple haze,
fast deepening into black; and there was the solitary flat marsh; and
above which here and there a melancholy gull.
只见一轮红日低低地压在河岸上，四周是一片紫色的暮霭，愈来愈浓，
很快就成了黑色；岸上是一块荒凉萧索的沼泽，沼泽上偶尔有一只孤苦
凄凉的水鸟。
“May I borrow your record player tonight?” a man asked his neighbor.
“今晚我可以借用一下你的录音机吗？”一个男人问他的邻居。
The two boys had a fight.
两个男孩打了一架。
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根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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增加适当的介词
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中英文均有介词，但汉语中表示时间的词语之前很少用介词，中译英时要增补介
词。
我们早上八点上班。
We go to work at 8 o’clock in the morning.
我七月五号会回来。
I will come back on July 5.
十号清晨这里发生了一起火灾。
On the early morning of the 10th there was a big fire.
1995年1月30日，中共中央总书记、国家主席江泽民在人民大会堂举行的茶话会
上，就促进祖国统一大业发表了重要讲话。
On January 30, 1995, Jiang Zemin, President of PRC and General Secretary of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, made an important
speech on how to promote the reunification of our motherland at a tea party in
the Great Hall of the People.
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根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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增加必要的代词
英文中各种代词使用频繁，必不可少；汉语代词则较少使用。中译英时往往要增加代词。
即使在危机时刻也要保持冷静。
We should keep calm even when we are in danger.
今晚在院子里乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。
This evening as I was sitting in the yard to enjoy the cool, it struck me how different the
lotus pool I pass every day must look under a full moon.
过去，只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力，没有讲还要通过改革解放生产力，不完全。
In the past, we only stressed development of productive forces under socialism, without
any mention of the need for their emancipation through reform. That conception was
incomplete.
他走进屋来，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。
He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.
那位老人把手插在口袋里在田野里散步。
The old man was walking in the field with his hands in his pockets.
好好保重。
Take good care of yourself.
自由主义有各种表现。
Liberalism manifests itself in many ways.
根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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增加恰当的概括词
Japan is giving its university labs a facelift, revamping curricula and encouraging
research on the cutting edge of modern technology.
日本正在使其大学实验室的面貌焕然一新，包括更新课程，鼓励在现代技术关键领域开展
研究。
We encourage local educational institutions to cooperate with overseas partners to
produce advanced textbooks.
我们鼓励本地教育机构与海外伙伴合作，共同编写高级教材。
国际经济联系日益密切，科学技术突飞猛进，对世界政治、经济、和社会的发展产生重要
影响。
International economic links have become tighter and tighter, and science and
technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, both of which are exerting a major
influence on world political, economic and social development.
港口设施的业主或经营者应当按照港口设计规范，提供安全靠岸、离岸、移动泊位的条
件。
The proprietor or operator of port facilities shall provide safe means for mooring,
departing and changing to another berth, all in accordance with the designed
specifications of the port.
根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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增加表示时态的标志性词语
英语句子翻译成汉语时，其具体时态也要翻译出来，即在译文中增加必
要的时态助词或标志性词语。如：
I didn't go to the cinema, because I'd already seen the film.
我没去看电影，因为以前我已经看过这部片子了。
I had never thought I'd be happy to find myself considered unimportant.
But this time I was.
在此之前我从来没有想过，当我发现人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到
很高兴。但这次情况的确如此。
Women were not allowed at the Games, either as spectators or
competitors.
当时妇女是不准参加奥运会的，不论是作为观
众还是运动员都不行。
Once renowned for their reserve, the British have taken to wearing
their hearts on their sleeve.
英国人过去以矜持出名，现在变得感情外露了。（强调时间的对比）
根据两种语言的习惯表达方式,在译文
中增加词语
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增加合适的语气助词
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英语没有语气词。英译汉时往往要增加适当的语气助词，以便表达原文
的情感意义、文化教养意义和社会身份等意义。
“ Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield. You know my
name as well as I know yours.”
“别对我这么吆五喝六的，约翰·德贝菲尔。咱们谁还不认识谁呀！”
It doesn't matter about the place, that's not the question.”
“那地方嘛，没什么要紧的，那不是要谈的问题。”
Only some six or eight thousand men, “ returned Montcalm, with much
apparent indifference….
“只不过六千到八千人罢了，”蒙卡姆显然满不在乎地说 ……
Let's watch TV.
咱们一块儿看电视吧。
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增加原文中被省略的成分
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增补答句中给省略的词语
I went to an exhibition this morning. ——With whom?
我今天上午去参观了一个展览。——和谁去的？
Do they produce chemical fertilizers? ——Not any that I
know of.
他们生产化肥吗？——据我所知他们不生产。
Is this your book? — Yes, it is.
这是你的书吗？
——是的，是我的。
Will you help me? — Yes, of course.
你愿意帮助我吗？—— 是的，当然愿意。
Where are you living? — In Hangpu Hotel.
你现在住在什么地方？——住在航普宾馆。
增加原文中被省略的成分
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增补被省略的动词
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He majors in English and I in French.
他主修英语，我主修法语。
Every man is a fool sometimes, and none at all times.
每个人都可能糊涂一时，不会糊涂一世。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics
subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and
rhetoric able to contend.
读史使人明智，
读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理使人庄
重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
A sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an
odor inhaled. 声音必须倾听，颜色必须观看，味道必须品
尝，气味必须吸闻。
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增加原文中被省略的成分
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增补原文中被省略的名词
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We will establish a government of, by and for the people.
我们将建立一个民有、民治、民享的政府。
We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good.
我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。
The symbol for hydrogen is H; for oxygen is O; for nitrogen
is N.
氢的符号是H；氧的符号是O;氮的符号是N.
In 1965, just one in 20 households owned a car, but by
1970 this figure had zoomed to five in 20.
1965年，每20个家庭才有一辆轿车；但是到了1970年，这
个数字已经跃升到每20个家庭拥有5辆。
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增加原文中被省略的成分
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增补原文比较句中被省略的部分
He is more concerned about others than about
himself.
他关心别人比关心自己还重。
I had never seen a better film.
我从来没看过比这更好的影片。
His wife earns much more money than he.
他妻子挣的钱比他挣的多得多。
They have achieved more brilliant success than
we.
他们所取得的成就比我们所取得的更加辉煌。
增加适当的连词或关联词
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增加并列连词
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中文喜欢使用并列结构，包括对仗排比句式。将中文的并列结构，包括
对仗排比句, 译成英语时，往往要补充并列连词。
油可分为三大类：动物油，植物油，矿物油。
Oils are divided into three main groups: animal, vegetable and mineral
oils.
采矿者开发了这个乡下地区，建立了村镇，为永久性居住打下了基础。
Miners opened up the country, established communities, and laid the
foundation for settlements.
发展体育运动，增强人民体质。
Promote physical culture and build up the people's health.
你知道“干预市场”、“工厂投资”、“油价暴涨”这些术语是什么意
思吗？
Do you know what such terms as "interference in
markets", "investment in factories" and "jump in oil prices" mean?
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增加适当的连词或关联词
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增加表逻辑意义的关联词
中英文句子有时暗含一些逻辑关系，翻译时往往必须增补必要的说明逻辑关系的
关联词，以便让译文逻辑意义清晰，通顺易懂。
The setting up of a credible oversight authority has curded police brutality.
因为建立了一个可信任的监督机构，所以警察暴行受到了遏制。
Adults go into mental decline without the right sort of emotional and mental
stimulation, according to leading psychiatrists.
一些一流的精神病学家认为，如果没有恰当的情感、精神刺激，成年人的智力就
会走下坡路。
Decoding human DNA, the inherited blueprint for each human life, is one of the
biggest challenges with which science is faced in the 21st century.
解读人类DNA，即人类生命遗传型板，是21世纪科学面临的最大挑战之一。
他今天不能来上课，他还没有退烧。
He is unable to attend class today, because he is still running a fever.
根据修辞的需要增加适当的词语
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英语和汉语都大量运用修辞手段。有时，为了准确传达原文的修辞效果，必须在
译文中增加恰当的词语。否则，译文不通，或不知所云，不可能忠实于原文。
Half the town came running. （Half the town is a case of metonymy. It is
equivalent to “half of the people in the town”.）
镇子的人们有一半都跑来了。
But is there no Shelly in the house? (“No Shelly” is also a case of metonymy,
meaning “ no poem written by Shelly”.)
难道这屋子里竟然没有雪莱的诗歌吗？
The crowds melted away. （The word “melted” is here used metaphorically,
meaning “dispersed slowly”.）
人群渐渐散开了。
We are watching the fluid situation with concern. (The adjective “fluid” is here
employed metaphorically, meaning “quite unstable”.)
我们关切地注视着动荡不定的局势。
It was said that someone had sown discord among them. (The idiom “sow
discord” is a metaphorical expression, its figurative meaning being “cause strife
or disagreement”.)
据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。