ALLIES AXIS THE BIG THREE

WINSTON CHURCHILL—Great Britain FDR---U.S.

JOSEPH STALIN---Soviet Union BENITO MUSSOLINI ADOLF HITLER HIDEKI TOJO

WWII POLITICAL

Date Dec. 1941 to Jan. 1942 June 1942 Place Washington Conference 1 st 2 nd Jan. 1943 Casablanca Conference Nov. 1943 Teheran Conference Participants Decisions FDR Winston Churchill Big 2 FDR Winston Churchill Big 2 FDR Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Big 3 War Production, shipping, aid for China, diversion of German strength from Eastern Front and a North African invasion.

Plans for invasion of Sicily and to step up Pacific War… D-day invasion in 1944 onto French coast. Unconditional Surrender of Germany 1 st time “Big 3” meet. Stalin demands 2 nd front onto French coast…. Date of D-day invasion decided… General Eisenhower appointed as commander of Allies

•4 Star, US General Dwight Eisenhower •Graduate of West Point •Commanded Allied invasion on North Africa in 1942 •Named Supreme Allied Commander and in charge of D-Day.

WWII Military Leaders

• General George Patton •Graduate of West Point •Tank commander and commander of the 7 th Army •Germans feared Patton • “ole blood and guts”

WWII Military Leaders

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LCD: landing craft devices---carried 36 men…..Higgins boat-- built by individual who made boats to run on the bayou….20,000 made for the D-Day

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To get through the barbed war, soldiers had to blast through with 10’ pipes filled with TNT.

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Two portable harbors were built and transported across the English channel and setup on 1 of the British beaches and 1 with the Americans.

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To get fuel from England to France, an underwater pipeline was laid which connected with the portable harbors to get fuel to the front..

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To fool the Germans to believing the invasion was at Calais, the Allies dropped dummy parachute soldiers…..

= Canadian = Great Britain = United States

The Battle of the Bulge:

Hitler’s Last Offensive

Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945

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Yalta: February, 1945

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FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.

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FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs Germany.

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Churchill wants strong Germany against Stalin.

Yalta

The decisions at the Yalta Conference shaped the post WWII world. Many agreements were made but the lasting effect was: “ You cannot trust the words of a dictator”.

DECISIONS MADE AT YALTA

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Created a United Nations to promote world peace

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Eastern European countries under Soviet control would have “free elections” .

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Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones controlled by the US, British, France and Soviet Union

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Stalin agreed but kept Eastern Europe under Soviet control after WWII leading to the Cold War …..

FDR dies in Warm Springs, Georgia on April 12, 1945 Mussolini is executed by his own people on April 28, 1945 Hitler realizing that Berlin was about to fall, married his mistress, Eva Braun and both commit suicide on April 30, 1945.

United Nations

•Allied Powers became the United Nations .

•Germans surrender to the United Nations end the war in Europe to

JAPANESE EXPANSION •Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor •US declares war on Japan.

1942 •Philippines • March •Guam •Malaya •New Guinea •Threatening Australia and Hawaii

map/japan

Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific

Kamikaze Pilots

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The last 2 years of the war, the Japanese resorted to “

suicidal bombers

” or

Kamikaze bombers

American Navy.

to destroy the

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Approximately 2,800 Kamikaze attackers sunk 34 Navy ships, damaged 368 others, killed 4,900 sailors, and wounded over 4,800.

potsdam

Big Three

•Churchill, Truman and Stalin meet in Potsdam, Germany in July 1945. •Truman informed of successful test of bomb.

•Demanded unconditional surrender Japanese or a new weapon from would be used.

potsdam

•Some suggest that Truman was warning Stalin.

•If he didn’t follow through with the decisions at

Yalta

it could happen to the Soviet Union.

,

Arguments for use • Japanese refused to surrender. Arguments opposed • Atomic bombs were untested and their destruction unknown • Estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was needed to end war. • Estimated Japan’s empire would last 2 years. • Estimated Allied casualties at 1 million or more men with huge Japanese losses.

• Japanese leadership was told of the destructive power of the bomb • Offered a period to surrender but declined.

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not major military targets. • Those killed in the attacks would be Japanese civilians.

• Radiation poisoning would have negative effects on the population.

• Nuclear weapons would set a precedent that using weapons of mass destruction was allowable in war

A joint Allied Project consisting of Canadian, British and U.S. scientists to build an atomic bomb.

Started in 1940…..

By July 1945, 3 bombs had been built.

1 bomb = 20,000 tons of TNT

One would be set off in New Mexico successfully.

President Harry Truman •My fellow Americans, the British, Chinese and United States governments have given the Japanese people adequate warning of what is in store for them. • The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and unfortunately thousands of civilian lives will be lost.

•I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately and save themselves.

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

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40,000 killed immediately 60,000 injured.

100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

Japan surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945……Official surrender ceremonies were held on Sept. 2, 1945

Jap surrender

V-J Day response by Americans in New York City