Transcript Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution
1800-1850
The Age of Industry
• Slow progress - started about 1780s
• European nations had been involved in manufacturing
for centuries, but it was generally inefficient, slow, and
labor-intensive
• Within 50 years industrialization would transform
Europe, and especially Great Britain
• Industrialization led to better economic policies,
improvements in transportation, increased food supply,
increased personal wealth, widespread urbanization,
and a larger population
• As the population increased so did the demand for
products
• The cottage-industry was replaced by factories
• Europe - (started in Britain during the 18th century)
a) west more advanced than east
b) progress was slow until 1850s because:
i) people continued to use old methods
ii) population increases reduced benefits
• Didn’t start in Europe until after 1815 (post-Napoleon)
• Great Britain “workshop of the world”- started the
Industrial Revolution, but had no blueprint
a) Britain had many navigable rivers
b) Large demand from the colonies
c) Farm production was greatest
d) Central bank, well-developed credit
e) Rural workers were mobile
f) Stable government
• But, could not have happened without the agricultural
revolution
• The agricultural revolution provided the financial
resources to fund industrial development
• As more food became available, more people survived
and purchased more food –resulting in greater profits
• Workshops produced most manufactured goods
• Merchants and artisans were organized into guilds
• Guilds monitored the quality of the work and skills of
the craftsmen to ensure monopolies
• Merchants looked for ways to circumvent the guilds and
purchase cheaper products – they found the cottage
industry or putting-out system
• In England during the 18th century industrialization
really flourished – leading to more profits
Steam Engine
• Thomas Savery - (1698) steam pump
• Thomas Newcomen - (1705)
steam engine
a) wasteful
b) dirty
• In 1769 Scottish inventor James Watt patented the first
powerful steam engine
a) wasted less fuel
b) more efficient
• It was used to drain mines so mine workers could go
much deeper
Coal Mines
• Lack of power became a major problem
• Britain started to use coal instead of wood, but mines
kept filling with water
• Pumps powered by animals on the surface were used
coal mines:
a) dangerous
b) poor ventilation
c) safety lamp
d) young children, girls could work until puberty
• By 1900 75% of
Britain’s power came from coal
Textiles
• First major impact was the development of large textile
mills
• In 1733 John Kay invented the “flying shuttle” – allowed
one person, not two, to operate the loom, thus less
manpower and increased the demand for yarn
• John Hargreaves - (1765?) spinning jenny - many
threads but weak
• In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented the water frame
which allowed for the spinning many threads
• Compton - mule - combined jenny with water frame
thread was fine and strong
• 1793 Whitney’s cotton gin increased the demand for
cotton - increased slavery in the U.S.
Iron and Steel
• In 1709 Abraham Darby invented a way to smelt iron
ore into cast iron using coke
• In 1784 Henry Cort invented the “puddling and rolling”
process, which produced stronger cast iron
• Iron
a) Blast furnaces - stronger iron
• Steel i) In 1856 Englishman Henry Bessemer
invented the Bessemer converter which reduced carbon
content of iron
ii) William Siemens developed open-hearth steelmaking
• Cotton goods became so cheap that the average person
could afford to wear underwear
• People moved from agricultural to industrial jobs
• Factory owners turned to children for labor
• Between 1800 -1900 population increased 250%
Transportation Revolution
• John McAdams - crushed stone road first durable road
• George Stephenson’s first train hauled coal in England
in 1825 from Stockton to Darlington
• The first passenger train was Stephenson’s Rocket
which traveled 12 miles in 53 minutes in 1830
• Increased demand for unskilled labor as major
construction projects were needed to connect the
railroads
• Engineers Brunel and Brassey spanned the country by
designing massive bridges
Steamships
• 1807 – American Robert Fulton’s Clermont - first
economically successful steamship operated between
Albany and New York City with a engine designed by
Watt
• 1819 - Savannah (steam and sail )crossed the Atlantic in
29 days
• 1833 - Royal William all steam - 20 days
Industrial Improvements
• By 1750 Britain was the wealthiest nation in the world
• By 1851 Britain was “workshop of the world”
a) Two-thirds of the world coal
b) One-half of its iron
c) One-half of its cloth
• Gross national product rose fourfold between 1780-1851
• Money was invested in building better roads and
increasing the size and number of ships in the navy
(mainly to protect her economic advantage and her
colonies)
• In 1750 Britain was only slightly ahead of France
• Britain opened up a lead by 1800
i) by 1830 per capita industrialization was twice as much
ii) by 1860 it was threefold
• By 1815 Europe had started to face the problem
• Europe had several advantages:
a) large skilled labor force
b) didn’t need to develop new ideas
c) strong governments
• Until 1825 it was illegal for an artisan to leave England
(but many did)
• William Cockerill built huge plants at Leige
• Other countries (except U.S.) were further behind
• Europe during the Napoleonic era was retarded by
political, social turmoil and constant warfare
• Germany and Italy did not become unified nations until
late in the nineteenth century
• Eventually European governments became much more
involved in industrialization because individuals had a
difficult task in raising money to invest
• Governments built railroads and canals
• In 1834 the German states created the Zollverein, a
custom-free union. It allowed for the movement of
goods in the German states without tariffs.
• Governments also played a greater role in banking and
allowed banks to become corporations such as Credit
Mobilier of Paris
The Poor
• In nearly every industry the workers had no protect or
job security
• Children as young as five or six worked in factories
• If a worker was injured he/she would lose her job and
often be forced to beg for food
• Water was dirty and often led to disease and death
• The staple food for most people was bread,
supplemented by porridge – poor people rarely ate meat
• Few poor people actually benefited from the Industrial
Revolution
• In most cases the gap between the rich and the poor
widened
Urbanization
• Unskilled workers moved to the cities looking for work
causing rapid urbanization
• They were often forced to live relatives or friends
• The cities of London and Manchester had large Irish
populations
• Many Irish were forced to leave Ireland during the
1840s (hungry forties) because of the potato blight
• Life in the cities was reflected in the literature – author
Charles Dickens wrote accurate accounts of life in the
industrial cities
The Luddite Rebellion
• In the early 1800s workers blamed machines for low
wages (real earning power did not increase until after
1850)
• Ned Ludd (perhaps fictitious) led a group of workers
who broke into factories to break machinery
• Local riots in the northern cities of England, but the
authorities suppressed the trouble by arresting the
leaders
• The workers resented progress and saw the machines as
threats to their livelihood
The Government
• In Britain, Parliament represented the wealthy – it was
the “Age of Aristocracy”
• In 1721 Britain passed the Combination Acts, which
established wages and working conditions for tailors –
and allowed the authorities to jail striking workers
without a trial (repealed in 1824)
• Parliament also passed legislation trying to prevent
tradesmen from emigrating
• Most of the laws passed were to protect property and
most crimes against property carried the death penalty
• These laws were known as the Black Acts
Capital
• Britain, western Europe, and U.S. industry developed
within a capitalist system
• In 1776 Adam Smith had published Wealth of Nations in
which he criticized mercantilism and advocated laissezfaire economics – the government should not interfere in
economics
• Industrialization and capitalization are not the same
• Capital is wealth used to create wealth or future wealth
i.e. automobile is a consumer’s good, a factory is capital
• *What distinguishes capitalist systems for non-capitalist
systems is the people who control it
• Malthus - Essay on the Principle of Population population would grow faster than food supply. Could
be avoided by marrying later - but he was not optimistic
• Ricardo - very pessimistic - “iron law of wages” because of population increase wages would remain
below subsistence levels
• Both proved wrong
Marxism
• Karl Marx - German philosopher advocated scientific
socialism
• Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in
England attacked the middle class
• Conflict Theory – history has been a series of struggles
between different classes
• “The class that controlled production controlled society”
• Eventually this became the basis of Communism – but
that was not until much later
Improved Social Conditions
• Andre Ure wrote in 1835 conditions were actually better
• Average life expectancy increased
• Diets became more varied: fruit, dairy products
1800 75% of pop growing food - potato; bread
1900 50% of pop growing food - fruit, vegs; meat
• 1840s famine reduced the population of Ireland by 20%
• After 1850 no more famine
• 1800 fewer peasants more farmers
1900 31 million lived in cities
• urban - sophisticated
rural - rustic
• Edwin Chadwick noted people were able to buy more
necessities and luxuries
• Only after 1840 did real wages increase
• In 1850 workers earned and consumed 50% more
than in 1770
• More goods did not necessarily mean more happiness
• More money was because of longer hours
The Human Cost
• Families often worked as one unit
• Factory Act 1833 child 9-13 could work 8 hour a day
adolescents, 14-18 could work 12 hours a day
• Mines Act 1842 prohibited women and children under
10 from the mines
• Working class solidarity developed in industries
• The British government attacked guilds and in 1799
passed the Combination Acts which outlawed trade
unions.
• Unions fought back and attempted to create one national
union
• 1834 Robert Owen organized the Grand National
Consolidated Trades Union - but it collapsed
• The Chartist movement developed which wanted the
right to vote for all men