Transcript Slide 1
Respiratory Protection پس از پايان جلسه دانشجو بايد فراگير بايد بتواند: -1مقدمه اي در مورد روشهاي كنترل آلودگيهاي هواي محيط كار بيان كند. -2موارد نياز به ماسكهاي تنفسي را توضيح دهد. -3انواع ماسكهاي تنفسي را نام ببرد . Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards • • • Employers must protect employees from hazards such as falling objects, harmful substances, and noise exposures that can cause injury Employers must: Use all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards Use personal protective equipment (PPE) if the controls don’t eliminate the hazards. PPE is the last level of control! Engineering Controls If . . . The work environment can be physically changed to prevent employee exposure to the potential hazard, Then . . . The hazard can be eliminated with an engineering control Engineering Controls Examples . . . • • • • • Initial design specifications Substitute less harmful material Change process Enclose process Isolate process Dust Control Systems Dust Control Systems Work Practice Controls If . . . Employees can change the way they do their jobs and the exposure to the potential hazard is removed, Then . . . The hazard can be eliminated with a work practice control Work Practice Controls -- Examples What is in an Atmosphere? OET OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES TOXICANTS كاربرد اختصاصي تجهيزات حفاظت فردي كار با فرآيندهاي جديد ورود به محل هاي ناشناخته كارهاي تعمير و نگه داري رفع آلودگي از محيط ،افراد و تجهيزات آلوده استفاده از آفت هاي كشاورزي(كاربرد كشاورزي) پاسخ به موارد اضطراري پاسخ به موارد اضطراري فعاليت هايي كه نيازمند تجهيزات حفاظتي هستند: بررسي محل حادثه نجات مصدومين كنترل آزادسازي پايش اضطراري رفع آلودگي محل و مصدومين و ... OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % Normal at Sea Level OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % Wide Awake, Hyper Vigilant OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % > 26 % O2, Spontaneous Combustion Can Occur 19.5 % 12 % 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % > 22 % Oxygen is Considered IDLH Due to Exceptional Risk of Fire OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % Loss of Coordination, Loss of Perception, Lack of Judgment 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % < 19.5 % Oxygen Considered IDLH by OSHA -- Entry Requires CO’s OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % Blue Lips, Disorientation OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % Vomit OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % Unconscious 5 min : Could recover 6 min: 50% Fatal 8 min: 100% Fatal OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % Coma in 40 Seconds OXYGEN 22 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 12 % Just Remember . . . Oxygen Levels Greater than 22% or Less than 19.5% are IDLH ! 10 % 8 % 6 % 4 % X X Death Reasons for Oxygen deficiency: • Eductors • Fires • Rusting (Oxidation) • Inerting • Decomposing Organic Matter -- Sewage -- Fermentation of grains, sugars, etc. -- Rotting plant or marine life Explosivity EXPLOSIVES Levels Greater NearThan LEL Leave 10% LEL No Buffer is Considered for Explosive IDLHGas -- and Build-Up Requires CO’s Permission for Entry Too Rich UEL Explosive Range LEL 10% Too Lean % Vapor Concentration Toxic Gas Common Shipboard Hazards Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Sulfide Halon & Freon Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide Methane Hydrogen Ammonia Responsibilities • Employer Assess workplace for hazards Provide PPE Determine when to use Provide PPE training for employees and instruction in proper use • Employee Use PPE in accordance with training received and other instructions Inspect daily and maintain in a clean and reliable condition ب -ماسك تنفس ي Respirator Protective از نظر مطالعات تئوريك آالينده ها را به 3گروه زير : گاز،بخاروآالينده هاي ذره اي تقسيم ميكنند. هر يك از اين آالينده ها اثرات خاص ي را بر روي سيستم تنفس ي ايجاد ميكنند. روشهاي محافظتي در مقابل آالينده هاي گاز و بخار : .1 هوا رساني از طريق لوله هاي دمنده .2 استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به كپسولهاي هواي فشرده .3 استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به فيلتر هاي ضد گاز ()Gas Mask ب -ماسك تنفس ي Respirator Protective روشهاي محافظتي در مقابل آالينده هاي ذره اي .1استفاده از شلنگ هواي فشرده .2استفاده از سيستمهاي هوا رسان .3استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به فيلتر هاي ذره گير ( Dust )Mask ب -ماسك تنفس ي Respirator Protective بطور كلي ماسكهاي تنفس ي از 2قسمت تشكيل شده اند: جسم اصلي ماسك Face Piece جزء پاك كننده هوا Air-Purifying Element جسم اصلي ماسك داراي يك ورودي و يك خروجي هوا و يك قاب فيلتر است كه اين ضمائم توسط بندي روي سر مستقر مي شوند. ماسكها از نظر ظاهري يا تمام صورت را مي پوشانند (Full Face Mask) تمام صورت را مي پوشانند ؛ ( Half )Face Maskنيمي از صورت را مي پوشانند. جزء پاك كننده هوا اساس ي ترين جزء ماسك است كه تحت عنوان فيلتر از آن ياد ميشود. ب -ماسك تنفس ي Respirator Protective فيلتر ها دو نوع اند : فيلترهاي گيرنده گازها و بخارات ()Gas Filter فيلترهاي گيرنده ذرات ()Dust Filter در مورد انتخاب فيلترها استانداردهاي خاصي وجود دارد . در درجه بندي فيلترهاي مختلف ) )Classificationهر چه شماره nبيشتر باشد فيلتر موثرتر عمل ميكند مثال P4توان ذره گيري بهتري نسبت به بقيه دارد. ب -ماسك تنفس ي Respirator Protective استاندارد CE – Aبخارات آلي (قهوه اي) -Bبخارات مواد معدني (طوس ي) -Eبخارات اسيدي و ( SO2زرد) -Kبخارات مواد قليايي (سبز) -Pذرات (سفيد) آموزش در صورتی که الزم است کارمندان از PPEاستفاده کنند ،آنها را آموزش دهيد: چرا کاربرد آن ها الزم است. چگونه اين ابزار ،افراد را حفاظت می کنند؟ محدوديت های آن چيست؟ کی و چگونه بايد از اين ابزار استفاده کرد؟ چگونه نشانه های پوشيدن را تشخيص دهيم؟ چگونه آن ها را تميز کنيم و اثرات نا مطلوب را از بين ببريم. عمر مفيد آن چقدر است و چگونه خراب می شود. Respiratory Inlet Covering That portion of a respirator that forms the protective barrier between the user’s respiratory tract and an air-purifying device or breathing air source, or both May be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit, or a mouthpiece respirator with nose clamp Tight -Fitting Coverings Quarter Mask Full Facepiece Half Mask Mouthpiece/Nose Clamp (no fit test required) Filter A component used in respirators to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air. Also called air purifying element. Canister or Cartridge A container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items, which removes specific contaminants from the air passed through the container. Negative Pressure Respirator A respirator in which the air pressure inside the facepiece is negative during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure outside the respirator. Filtering Facepiece (Dust Mask) A negative pressure particulate respirator with a filter as an integral part of the facepiece or with the entire facepiece composed of the filtering medium. Air-Purifying Respirator (APR) A respirator with an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying element. Positive Pressure Respirator A respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering exceeds the ambient air pressure outside the respirator. Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) An air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the ambient air through air-purifying elements to the inlet covering. Atmosphere-Supplying Respirator A respirator that supplies the user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere Includes supplied-air respirators (SARs) and selfcontained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units Classes of AtmosphereSupplying Respirators Continuous Flow. Provides a continuous flow of breathing air to the respiratory inlet covering Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by inhalation Pressure Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece when the positive pressure inside the facepiece is reduced by inhalation Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user. Also called airline respirator. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the user. Escape-Only Respirator A respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit. CLASSES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT • Air Purifying • Supplied Air AIR PURIFYING • Remove contaminants from atmosphere • Do not generate oxygen (must be used in 19.5 - 22% 02 atmosphere) AIR PURIFYING Mechanical - protection from particles (dust, fumes, fog) Chemical - vapors and gases in low concentrations CARTRIDGE SELECTION • Color coded for intended use LISTING OF COLOR CODE: MANUFACTURER’S CHART NAVOSH MANUAL B-6 • Filters labeled • Cartridge combinations REUSABLE HALF MASK • Replaceable cartridges to capture gases and vapors • Prefilter to trap particles SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATORS • Air-line • Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) DEMAND MODE • Supplies air upon user inhalation • Creates negative pressure within facepiece • Some leakage may occur PRESSURE DEMAND MODE • Continuous positive pressure within facepiece • Prevents leakage into facepiece • SCBA (Scott Air Pack) • SAR with SCBA CONTINUOUS FLOW • Continuous positive pressure and flow of air to facepiece • Rhine Air Pump RHINE AIR PUMP • • • • • • LP air driven Ambient air 50 Ft collapsible hose 2 Person capacity Snorkle No back-up air! RHINE AIR PUMP IDLH RESPIRATORY REQUIREMENTS • “Full facepiece, SCBA in pressure demand mode” or • “Full facepiece air-line respirator in pressure demand mode with 15 minute auxiliary air supply” NSTM 074 vol 3 SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR WITH SCBA (SAR WITH SCBA) • Fulfills requirements of NSTM 074 Vol 3 USN LATEST AND GREATEST IN RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PASP RASP SCBA SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR WITH SCBA (SAR WITH SCBA) SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR WITH SCBA South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Inhalation • Small particles and gases are absorbed deep within the alveoli • Chemicals are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Respiratory Protection • Particulate respirator • Chemical Cartridge/Gas Mask respirator • Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) • Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) • Supplied air South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Effective Only IF… • The correct respirator is used • It's available when you need it • You know when and how to put it on and take it off • It achieves a secure seal with normal activity • It’s properly stored and maintained South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Particulate Respirator • Simplest and least expensive • Only protect against particles, not chemicals, gases, or vapors. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Particulate Respirator • • • • • Rated by NIOSH Assumes tight seal N95 = 95% at 3-5 microns N99 = 99% at 3-5 microns N100 = 99.97% at 0.3 microns South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Take-home Point • N100 effective against microbes if seal is tight. • If seal is not tight, a positive pressure respirator is required • No protection against chemical liquids, vapors, and gases South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Chemical Cartridge/Gas Mask Respirator • Clean air of particles by passing it through filter. • A charcoal layer absorbs chemicals • Other absorbents have actions against specific chemicals and certain combinations. • There is no “all purpose” filter • Not safe against an unknown South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Chemical Cartridge/Gas Mask Respirator • Filters become saturated in high concentrations of agent • Filters outdate • A gas mask protects the respiratory tree but does nothing to prevent skin absorption South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) • Uses a battery powered fan to blow air through filter • Positive pressure inside mask overcomes any leak • Requires less work of breathing • Requires agent-specific filter South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) • Air is supplied from tanks under positive pressure into mask. • Positive pressure gradient overcomes leaks • No filters or batteries are required. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) • Safe without regard to concentration of agent • Heavy • Requires training and practice • Tanks run out of air. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Supplied Air • Air under pressure from outside source through a hose • Unlimited air supply • Mobility impaired by tether South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Some Can’t Use Some Respirators • Respirators increase work of breathing. • Claustrophobia an issue • Do not accommodate eyeglasses well South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Respiratory Standards • OSHA respiratory-protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134) South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Absorption • The passage of chemicals through intact skin • Requires barrier protection that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation by the chemical • Need not be air-tight for splash protection • Must be airtight for gases and vapors South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Chemical Protective Barriers Are Agent Specific! • Degradation • Penetration • Permeation South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Puncture • Awareness, procedures, and engineering controls have limited incidence of skin penetration with contaminated sharps. • PPE adds little additional protection South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Incorporation • Introduction of contaminant into a wound or through a skin defect. • Appropriate barrier protection prevents both incorporation as well as absorption. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium EPA Levels of Chemical Protection • • • • Level D Level C Level B Level A South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Level D • Ordinary work clothes. • Should not be used in an environment where respiratory or skin hazards exist. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Level C • • • • • • • • Full face air purifying respirator Cloth coveralls Chemical resistant overgarment with hood Chemical resistant inner and outer gloves. Chemical resistant boots Hard hat Two way radio Escape mask South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Level B • Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (air from tank or hose) • Chemical resistant overgarment • Inner and outer chemical resistant gloves. • Chemical resistant boots • Two way radio • Hard hat South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Level A • Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus with air supplied by tank or hose. • Fully encapsulating chemically resistant suit over cloth coveralls • Inner and outer chemically resistant gloves • Chemically resistant boots • Two way radio • Hard hat South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium • Medical care to chemical victims is best performed after decontamination. • Airway control and control of hemorrhage performed in PPE may be lifesaving. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Unknown Biological Hazard Demands Level C • The use of liquid splash protection and a powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) are adequate for protection against victims of a biological attack. • Virtually all medical procedures can be performed in this attire • This is NOT sufficient protection against an unknown chemical South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Personal Protective Equipment • • • • • • • • • Scrub suits Head covering Masks Gown Outer garments impervious to fluids Gloves Shoe covers High top rubber overboots Eye protection South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Crime Scene • A site associated with terrorist activity is a crime scene. • Recognition and preservation of evidence is critical. South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Case #1 • A paramedic is a recreational cave explorer who is certified in cave rescue. A caving novice has been injured deep within a cave inhabited by a large colony of bats, some of which have tested positive for rabies in the past. • What is his best bet for PPE? South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Case #1 (continued) • The paramedic wears a moustache and beard. He is unsure that a particulate mask will achieve a tight seal. • What should he do? South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Case #2 • Several people in the Federal Building next door to your office have experience a “white powder incident” in which exposure to anthrax has been alleged. They come to your office to be checked. • What personal protective equipment do your require? South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium Summary of Key Points • Appropriate personal protective equipment for workers potentially exposed to an unknown organism includes a powered air purifying respirator with full facepiece and HEPA filter, disposable clothing, and gloves.