Transcript Word Classes - Amrien Maarop's Teaching World

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Word Classes
Open
Nouns
Adjectives
Closed
Verbs
Adverbs
Pronouns
Determiners
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Prepositions
Conjunctions
- “Naming words”.
- They can be used to refer to:
 a person
(e.g. Hassan, boy, pen-friend, thief)
 a job title
(e.g. doctor, policeman)
 a place
(e.g. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, city, market, restaurant)
 an object
(e.g. letter, personal computer, food)
 an activity/event (e.g. singing, dancing, competition)
 a quality
(e.g. wisdom, strength)
 a group
(e.g. crowd, team)
 etc.
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-
Noun groups can be:
- the subject, object or a complement of a verb.
 Strawberries are very expensive now
 Keith likes strawberries.
 She became champion in 1964.
- the object of the preposition
 She was very ill for six months.
 I saw him in town.
-
Noun groups can be nouns on their own, but often include other words
such as determiners, numbers, and adjectives.
 A boy was eating the apples.
 Three tall man came out of the shed.
 Karim is using blue ink.
-
Noun groups can also be pronouns.
 I’ve got two boys, and they both enjoy playing football.
-
Singular noun groups take singular verbs, plural noun groups take plural
verb.
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Nouns
Proper
Common
Concrete
Abstract
Collective
Compound
Kuala
Lumpur
city
heart
love
audience
pen-friend
Sidney
Sheldon
writer
brain
ideas
public
policeman
Twilight
wolf
body
strength
family
personal
computer
countable
*people or things
that can be
counted
uncountable
*people or things
that are not
usually/cannot be
counted
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Proper Nouns



Words which name specific
people, organizations, places,
titles, cities, countries, calendar
times, etc.
They are always written with a
capital letter.
Examples:
◦ People: Christiano Ronaldo,
Hussein Ahmad
◦ Organizations: World Health
Organization
◦ Places: Redang Island, Sunway
Lagoon
◦ Titles: Chuck, Twilight
◦ Cities: Kuala Lumpur, Sydney
◦ Countries: Germany, Brazil
◦ Calendar times: Monday, April
Common Nouns



Words that name general people,
places, events or things.
They always begins with a
lowercase letter unless it is at the
beginning of a sentence.
Examples:
◦ People: man, woman, girl, baby,
son, daughter,
policeman
◦ Places: bank, school, city,
building, shop
◦ Events: festival, competition,
sports day
◦ Things: bear, book, boat, table,
chair, phone
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Concrete Nouns


Words that represent objects that
can be perceived through our
senses (i.e. they can be seen,
heard, touched, smelt, and tasted)
Example:
◦ This is my house.
Abstract Nouns


 “house” = an individual object
that can be seen and touched by
everyone.

They can be:
◦ Countable
 Singular : student, class, foot
 Plural
: students, classes,
feet
◦ Uncountable : milk, rice
Words that refer to states, events,
concepts, feelings, qualities, etc.
that cannot be perceived through
our senses (i.e. they have no
physical existence)
Example:
◦ The freedom that they felt after
leaving the prison was priceless.
 “freedom” = a concept that cannot
be perceived through our senses

They can be:
◦ Countable
 Singular : idea, dream, skill
 Plural
: ideas, dreams,
skills
◦ Uncountable : information,
bravery, peace
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Collective Nouns


Words that refer to groups of
people, animals, or things.
They can be:
Compound Nouns

◦ Common N.: army, audience,
committee, family
◦ Proper N.: the BBC, the Senate,
the UN



They are single things. That
things, however, is made up of
more than one person/things.
Thus, they can either be used as
singular or plural, depending on
the context.
Examples:
◦ Every afternoon the baseball team
follows its coach out to the hot field
for practice.
◦ After the three-hour practice under
the brutal sun, the team shower,
change into their street clothes, and
head to their air-conditioned
homes.

Words that refer to two or more
nouns that are combined to form a
single noun.
They may be written as:
◦ 1 word : policeman, boyfriend
◦ 2 words joined with a hyphen :
take-off, dry-cleaning, sister-in-law
◦ 2 separate words : swimming pool,
public speaking, washing machine

Examples:
noun+noun
bedroom
noun + verb
rainfall
verb + noun
driving license
adjective + noun
greenhouse
adjective + verb
dry-cleaning
adverb + noun
bystander
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Countable Nouns




Have 2 forms:
◦ Singular
◦ Plural
: book, teacher
: books, teachers
Can be used with numbers.
◦ e.g.: one table… two cats…
three hundred pounds…
Singular nouns always take a
determiner.
◦ e.g.: a cat… another apple…
every book… the car…
Plural nouns do not necessarily
need a determiner.
◦ e.g.: children… rooms

Formation of plural nouns:
No

Singular C.nouns take a
singular verb and plural
C.nouns take a plural verb
Example
1
Add –s
cow – cows
rose – roses
2
Add –es to nouns
ending in –s, –ss, -sh, ch, -x,
gas
class
brush
match
box
3
Add –s or –es to nouns
ending in -o
photo - photos
hero - heroes
4
Add –s to nouns ending
in a vowel and -y
boy
key
5
Change –y to –ies to
nouns ending in a
consonant and –y
lady - ladies
party - party
6
Add –s / change –f or –
fe into –ves to nouns
ending in –f or -fe
belief - beliefs
thief - thieves
leaf
– leaves
7
Irregularities
ox
- oxen
foot
- feet
mouse - mice
formula –
formulae/formulas
(general)
our computers…
these cakes (specific)
Rule
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- gases
– classes
– brushes
- matches
– boxes
- boys
- keys
Uncountable Nouns

Often refers to:
substances

coal, food, ice, rice, water, steel
qualities
courage, honesty, patience
feelings
anger, happiness, joy, pride
activities
aid, help, sleep, travel, work
abstract ideas
beauty, death, freedom, fun
to people like me.

Have one 1 form; singular.
*some nouns which are UC in English
have plurals in other languages
advice
baggage
equipment
homework
information
knowledge
furniture
money
news
Some UC.nouns end in ‘-s’ and
therefore look like plural C.nouns.
subjects
mathematics, physics
activities
athletics, gymnastics
games
cards, darts
illnesses
measles, mumps
Quantity of something is
expressed by word / expressions
such as:
a loaf of a piece of packets of some


Used with ‘the’  specific / known.
◦ She buried the money that Hilary
had given her.


They are not used with ‘a’, or with
numbers.
◦ They resent having to pay money
Some nouns can be both UC and C
nouns depending on what they are
referring to.
◦ Victory was now assured
 General
 UC noun
◦ In 1960, the party won a
convincing victory.
 Specific 
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C noun