Transcript English Colonialism in India

Contemporary
Age
English Colonialism in India
Problems in India
• Poverty
• Lack of religious tolerance
• Political division: India was a mosaic of over 500 states
Incidents came to happen often, sometimes even massacres
How could a country with liberal traditions mantain an authoritarian
empire which ultimetely rests on force?
• Social Darwinsm explained a “special genius of the Anglo-Saxon race” and
the “racial superiority” of English people
• English people thought the stability of India depended on the British Army
They saw modern India as a result of their work. It was common opinion
that all that was positive in India had its roots in British rule.
The end of British Rule in India
Causes
•
•
•
Labour government in Britain
Britain was economically ruined and financially dependent on the USA
Feeling against imperialism was increasing among the British people
Independence of Pakistan and India: 14° and 15° August 1947
English Influences in India
• Education
• Language
• Religion
•Hierarchy and Equality
British Indians in the UK
Indian people born in the UK who are of Indian descent, and Indian-born people who
have migrated to the UK.
End of II World War
Breakup of the British Empire
Indian migration in the UK increased
Distinct phases can be identified:
• 1950-1960: Manual workers were recruited to fulfil the labour shortage; Medical
staff were recruited for the newly formed National Health Service
• 1960- 1970: East African Indians in the UK after they were expelled from Kenya,
Uganda and Zanzibar
21° century: Indian community represents 1.8% of the UK’s population
Immigration from Ireland, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Caribbean, South
Africa, Kenya, Hong Kong, Malta and Cyprus
MULTICULTURALISM
Different cultures coexist
“State multiculturalism is a wrong-headed
doctrine that has had disastrous results. It has
fostered difference between communities..
And it has stopped us from strengthening our
collective identity. Multiculturalism was
manipulated to entrench the right to difference
– which is a divisive concept. What we need is
the right to equal treatment despite
difference”.
5 February 2011
Cameron
Riots 2011
Police shooting of Mark Duggan on 4° August 2011
Peaceful march on 6° August 2011
Between 6° and 10° August 2011, several London
districts of cities and towns across England suffered
widespread rioting, looting and arson
EFFECTS
•Deaths (five people died)
•Injuries (at least sixteen people)
• Crimes accross London (a total of 3443)
• Property and business damage
Contributory factors to the riots
• Social issues: illiteracy, drug abuse, poverty, growing gap between rich
and poor, high unemployment
• Government cuts and low economic growth
•Moral decay at the top: Daily Telegraph Columnist Peter Oborne said:
“Moral decay is just as bad at the top of society as it is at the bottom”
• Failure of the penal system.
Welfare
It’s a concept of government in which the State plays a key role in the
protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its
citizens. It’s also called “Keynesian State” from John Maynard
Keynes.
It had been intensively since the end of the World War II.
Welfare
Liberal Model
The State begins to play a
decisive role in economic and
institutional dynamics.
Liberal State arose
almost extraneous
to the economic
system.
Functions of the State
• Income redistribution
• Macroeconomic stabilization
• Regulation of market
Jhon Maynard Keynes
The father of the Welfare state is Lord Beveridge who identified :
• Disease
•
Want
•
Ignorance
•
Squalor
Lord Beveridge
•
Idleness
And found a new way to relieve these five giant evils that plagued society,
“All people working age should pay a weekly national insurance contribution. In return
benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired or widowed.”
In the same period he promoted the BIRTH OF
National
Insurance
Act
National
Assistance
Board
1946
1948
Universal
Child
Benefit
Education
Act
1944
Baby Boom
National
Health
Service
… With the advent of the CONSERVATIVE PARTY and their leader
MARGARET THATCHER this situation changed.
She was elected in 1979 and was the first female Prime Minister.
FIRST TERM (1979-1983)
• Cuts of direct taxes
• Increase of indirect taxes
Unemployment
levels around 3
million.
Thatcher lost a lot of
popularity but with
FALKLAND WAR (1982)
her fame increase
SECOND TERM (1983-1987)
• Closing of 20 mines
• The economy grow
• Privatization, Beveridge
model was finally abandoned.
Lost of 20000 jobs
Protest and strikes
THIRD TERM (1987-1989)
• Privatization of British gas,
telecom, water, British
airways and electricity
• Poll Tax 1989: An attempt
to reform local government
and finance by replacing
household rates which made
each voter bear a full share
of the costs incurred by
prodigal spending.
Lost of confidence in
Conservative Party and rise
of Labour Party.
Margaret Thatcher
She was called “The Iron Lady” for
her tight control of Britain’s
monetary policy.
The Role of the Woman in the
20th century They were redefining
their roles as wives,
mothers, lovers and
workers.
Revolution
in
Clothes (the bikini and the mini skirt).
Politics: the emergence of
the “new feminism” of the
1960s.
•Some demonstrations (at the Miss America
competion or at the BBC ).
•The first feminist publishing house in 1973.
•The Equal Pay Bill was introduced in 1970, in
1975 the Sex Discrimation Act.
Tony Blair
On elections in UK in May 1997
And became the Prime Minister
of the Labour Party.
Members of Left wing placed
Blair on the Right wing because,
in their opinion, he violated the
principles of the Labour Party
not paying enough attention to
their rights like redistribution of
wealth. The other political party
argued that Blair is a populist.
With this election ended the 18
years of Conservative Party
period.
POLICIES
Made a lot of reforms:
•Introduced new
employment rights;
He agreed with
Margaret Thatcher to
reduce categories of
Welfare payments.
•Constitutional Reforms ;
Nation Identity Card
•Promoted rights for
homosexuals.
Abolition of
Clause 28
•Increased police power
•Imposed the recording of
DNA.
At The Beginning...
The origins of the
Labour Party are to
be found in the
movement
of Chartism, headed
by F. Place and
W. Lovett.
It took its name from
the People's Charter
of 1838.
It was the first mass
working class
movement.
People demanded:
- Universal
male suffrage;
- The secret ballot
- Annual Parliaments
But the requests
were not
accepted and this
will led to a
decline of the
working
class movement.
They privileged the union
struggle.
The Labour Party
• It was born in 1900 by the fusion of the
Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and the Independent Labour
Party (ILP).
• Was realized an agreement between the ILP and the Trade
Unions that were undertaken to be involved in politics after
the break with the Liberal Party.
• The Labour Party became interested in the economic
problems of the working class instead of in the socialist political
principles.
British society
Number of blue collar (manual
workers) declined and number of white
collar (workers in offices) increased.
In the 1950s West Indians and Asians
arrived in Britain Became a Multicultural society.
Divorce and single parent families
became common.
Poverty
In 1945 was introduced
child benefit.
In 1950 absolute poverty
had almost disappeared,
however there was relative
poverty
(when you cannot afford the
things most people have).
Work and industry
In 1950s-60s became a long period of prosperity that ended in 1970s.
In the late century started a de-industrialisation process. Traditional
industries like coal mining, textiles and shipbuilding declined rapidly ≠
industries of tourism, education and finance grew rapidly.
Education
In 1947 the school age leaving was raised to 15 and in
1972 to 16
Corporal punishment,
especially the cane, was
abolished between 1987
and 1999
In 1960s many new universities were founded: people had more
opportunities of education than ever before
Homes
From1959 to 1980 vacuum
cleaner, central heating,
double glazing became common
By 1960s all kinds of household goods were made of plastic
In 1950 many homes didn’t have bathrooms, the situation improved in
1960
Food
Rationing lasted until 1954, with meat and cheese.
Chinese and Indians takeaway and restaurants, pizza and
hamburgers chains became common in 1980s.
From 1953 to 1963 went on sale tea bags, fish fingers and
fruit-flavoured yoghurt.
From 1948 to 1979 became
common Polo Mints, Bounty,
Lion Bar and Twix.
By 1950s supermarkets replaced many small shops.
Transport and Communications
The first zebra crossing was
introduced in 1951 and the
first three-point seat belt in 1959.
The first hovercraft passenger
service began in 1962.
The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994.
Cars became really common from 1960s to 1970s.
Telephone became common in 1970s,
in 1990s mobile phones and e-mails.
Music
A revolution in music was led by Elvis Presley...
…and Freddie Mercury: the
“Britain’s first Asian rock
star”.
Leisure
TV became common in 1950s:a lot of
people bought a TV set to watch
the coronation of Elizabeth II
BBC 2 began broadcasting
in colour in 1967.
From 1980s to 1990s became common video recorders
(replaced then by DVDs), portable TVs, personal computers and
internet
By the 1980s people had at least 4 weeks annual holiday
Medicine
In 1948 was founded the National Health Service.
In 1960s were discovered vaccines for measles and
poliomyelitis. Were also done the first pacemaker and the
first heart transplant.
The first test tube baby was born in 1978
with Edward and Steptoe’s studies.
In 1980 the smallpox was eradicated. But in 1981 a terrible new
disease called AIDS was isolated.
Alec Jeffrey invented DNA fingerprinting in 1989
which helped to solve numerous
crimes and still does today.
Pop art: it employs
aspects of mass culture,
such as advertising,
comic books and
mundane cultural objects.
The word “pop” first
appeared in a collage
made by the artist
Eduardo
Paolozzi.
Art
Postmodern art: it consists in the recycling
of past styles and themes in a modern-day
context, as well as the break-up of the barrier
between fine and high arts and low arts and
popular culture.
Minimalism: it
exposes the essence
of a subject through
eliminating all nonessential forms,
features or concepts.
“John Lennon” by Andy Warhol
“Campbell’s Soup” by Andy Warhol
Literature
George Orwell is one of the most
significant writers in this period.
Dealing with issues such as poverty,
totalitarianism and colonialism.
Agatha Christie was a crime writer of
novels that gave her the title of the
“Queen of Crime”.
In thriller writing, Ian Fleming created the
character James Bond 007.
A. S. Byatt with her “Possession”.
Federica Barcaroli
Mina Lovaitia
Agnese Picchiantano
Arianna Pizzichini
Andrea Martina Trifici