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Interior Finishes: Part Two
Finish Ceilings and Floors
Finish Ceilings
Broadly characterized as one of the
following:
Exposed Structure
“Tightly Attached” Ceilings
Suspended Ceilings
Finish Ceilings
Exposed Structure:
May be used where an inherently attractive
structural system has been designed and
detailed with the expressed intent to remain
exposed.
May also be used for economy: industrial uses,
or when a provision for ceiling run mechanical
or electrical is unnecessary, (typically in
conjunction with a plenum supply and return
system)
Finish Ceilings
Tightly attached ceilings:
Essentially any material attached to, rather than
suspended from, the structure above.
Provisions must be made for services: HVAC,
plumbing and fire suppression
Changes in plane: where structural elements
protrude through the ceiling plane, for example,
need to be carefully detailed, (bulkheads).
Finish Ceilings
Suspended Ceilings
A ceiling that is suspended below the structural
framework of the floor above, providing a level
“datum” for a ceiling and providing a space
through which a multitude of services may be
run.
By far the most common in commercial
applications
Membrane fire protection: provides a 1-hour
minimum fire and Class B flame spread rating.
Specifying Gypsum Board
The same specifications for wall applied board
apply to ceiling applied board:
Level 0: attached boards only, no tape
Level 1: joints covered in tape set in joint compound
Level 2: a finish coat of compound over the tape and
accessories, (garages, warehouses)
Level 3: a second coat of compound, (prior to textured
coating)
Level 4: a third coat, (flat paints, light wallcoverings)
Level 5: skim coat
Suspended Ceilings
Suspended “Plaster” Ceilings
A rigid surface, typically gypsum board,
mounted to an independent structural
subsystem, (page 844).
Typically a flat application, although more
sculpted shapes may also be produced, from a
modest tray configuration to a highly
articulated surface, typical of spaces where
acoustical control is of concern.
Suspended Ceilings
Acoustical Ceilings
Typically constructed of fibrous materials in
the form of lightweight tiles or panels in a
standardized size fit into a suspended grid.
Referred to as “acoustical” because in contrast
to rigid ceiling products, they are absorptive of
sound.
Acoustical Ceilings
The sound absorptive qualities of a ceiling
finish material is measured by the Noise
Reduction Coefficient, (NRC):
An NRC of 85 indicates that 85 percent of the
sound that reaches the product is absorbed,
while only 15 percent is reflected back into the
space.
However, this also indicates a direct
correlation to the amount of sound that is
passed through the product to the space beyond.
Acoustical Ceilings and Plenums
Plenum: an open, unobstructed space
between the ceiling and the structural deck
above, typically the structure of the floor
above, although in some precast concrete
structures the plenum may be part of the
structure itself.
When the plenum is continuous between
multiple rooms, sound transmittal may be
an issue.
Acoustical Ceilings and Plenums
Ceiling Attenuation Class, CAC:
The ability of a ceiling construction to reduce
room to room sound transfer through the
plenum
Composite ceiling panels, panels
constructed from a highly absorbent
material facing the acoustical space with a
denser material mounted to the back or
plenum have simultaneously high CAC and
NRC values.
Acoustical Ceilings
“Lay-In” Ceilings
Suspended on a ceiling grid: 2 feet by 2 feet or
2 feet by 4 feet.
Grid may be any one of a series of profiles:
“T” is most common
Panels in a variety of finishes and price points
Linear Metal Ceilings
Provide an acoustical and structural surface
Interstitial Ceilings
Interstitial: space between
Interstitial ceilings are inhabitable service
spaces between occupied floors
Hospitals and laboratory buildings: multiple
conduits and services that require consistent
service and maintenance
Retail: security and surveillance
Finish Floors
Primary wearing surface
Appearance
Skid resistance
Wear resistance
Resilience
“Underfloor” services
Underfloor Services
Provide a structure to allow for the
distribution of services: especially wiring
for electrical and technology
Cellular steel decking: used with steel framing
Cellular raceways: used with a topping slab in
concrete construction
Raised access flooring: provides an easily
accessed space with essentially unlimited space
for wiring, piping and ductwork. (Computer
labs and server-type spaces)
Noise Transmission
STC: sound transmission coefficient
Measure of airborne noise
Transmitted as a membrane vibration
ITC: impact transmission class
Measure of impact noise
Impact noise is transmitted as a vibration
through structure.
Noise Transmission through Floors
Strategies:
Soft surfaces, such as carpeting, reduce the
amount of impact noise transferred
Placing a soft or resilient surface, such as a
cork or fibrous underlayment beneath a hard
surface will reduce the amount of noise
transmitted.
Ceiling mounts isolated from the structure:
resilient clips or spring-mounted hanger wires.
Skid Resistance
Static Coefficient of Friction: SCOF
Measure of the “slipperiness” of a flooring
Commercial applications typically require an
SCOF of 0.5 or above
Particular care must be taken where surfaces
may be exposed to water
Flooring
Hard surfaces
Concrete
Stone
Pavers
Tile
Terrazzo
Wood Flooring
Resilient Flooring
Soft Surfaces
Carpet
Floating Floors
Surface is not directly attached to the
subfloor but instead “floats” above on a
cushion of resilient foam.
Hardwood veneers, typically applied to an
engineered wood substrate
Cork, also typically applied to an engineered
wood substrate
Plastic laminates
Epoxy Terrazzo
Resilient Floors
Resilient flooring is any one of a variety of
floor surfaces that resist wear and gouging
or puncturing. They may be natural, cork or
made from natural products, linoleum or
man-made, vinyl composite.
Although durable, resilient floorings tend to
be flexible and tend to “telescope” or
transmit any irregularities in the subfloor to
the surface.
Resilient Floor Types
Linoleum: lino, flax – linseed oil
Ground cork in a linseed oil binder over a
burlap backing, (hemp). Produced as tiles or
sheet flooring.
Rubber
Tiles or sheet flooring.
Pirelli flooring: raised dot grid
Vinyl Composition Tile, VCT
Polyvinyl chloride with mineral reinforcing
fibers