Transcript No Slide Title

Nanotechnology:
manufacturing as extended chemistry
Ralph C. Merkle, Ph.D.
Principal Fellow
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Slides on web
The overheads (in PowerPoint) are
available on the web at:
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/talks/ppt/
ACS Santa Clara 010524.ppt
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Foresight
Ninth Foresight Conference
on Molecular Nanotechnology
November 9-11, 2001
Santa Clara, California
Introductory tutorial November 8
www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT9/
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Foresight
www.nanodot.org
www.foresight.org/SrAssoc/
Gatherings
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Health, wealth and atoms
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Arranging atoms
• Diversity
• Precision
• Cost
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Richard Feynman,1959
There’s plenty of room
at the bottom
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Eric Drexler, 1992
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President Clinton, 2000
The National Nanotechnology Initiative
“Imagine the possibilities: materials
with ten times the strength of steel
and only a small fraction of the
weight -- shrinking all the
information housed at the Library of
Congress into a device the size of a
sugar cube -- detecting cancerous
tumors when they are only a few
cells in size.”
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Arrangements of atoms
.
Today
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The goal
.
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What to make
Diamond physical properties
Property
Chemical reactivity
Hardness (kg/mm2)
Thermal conductivity (W/cm-K)
Tensile strength (pascals)
Compressive strength (pascals)
Band gap (ev)
Resistivity (W-cm)
Density (gm/cm3)
Thermal Expansion Coeff (K-1)
Refractive index
Coeff. of Friction
Diamond’s value
9000
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3.5 x 109 (natural)
1011 (natural)
5.5
1016 (natural)
3.51
0.8 x 10-6
2.41 @ 590 nm
0.05 (dry)
Comments
Extremely low
CBN: 4500 SiC: 4000
Ag: 4.3 Cu: 4.0
1011 (theoretical)
5 x 1011 (theoretical)
Si: 1.1 GaAs: 1.4
SiO2: 0.5 x 10-6
Glass: 1.4 - 1.8
Teflon: 0.05
Source: Crystallume
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Hydrocarbon bearing
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Hydrocarbon universal joint
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Rotary to linear
NASA Ames
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Bucky gears
NASA Ames
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Bearing
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Planetary gear
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Neon pump
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Fine motion controller
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Positional assembly
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Thermal noise
kbT
 
k
2
σ:
k:
kb:
T:
mean positional error
restoring force
Boltzmann’s constant
temperature
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Thermal noise
kbT
 
k
2
σ:
k:
kb:
T:
0.02 nm (0.2 Å)
10 N/m
1.38 x 10-23 J/K
300 K
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Making diamond today
Illustration courtesy of P1 Diamond Inc.
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Molecular tools
A synthetic strategy for the synthesis
of diamondoid structures
• Positional assembly (6 degrees of freedom)
• Highly reactive compounds (radicals,
carbenes, etc)
• Inert environment (vacuum, noble gas) to
eliminate side reactions
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Hydrogen abstraction tool
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Other molecular tools
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C2 deposition
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Carbene insertion
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Experimental work
H. J. Lee and W. Ho, SCIENCE 286, p. 1719, NOVEMBER 1999
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Experimental work
I
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Manipulation and bond formation by STM
Saw-Wai Hla et al., Physical Review Letters 85, 2777-2780, September
25 2000
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Self replication
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Complexity (bits)
• Von Neumann's constructor
• Mycoplasma genitalia
• Drexler's assembler
• Human
• NASA
500,000
1,160,140
100,000,000
6,400,000,000
over 100,000,000,000
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Self replication
The Von Neumann architecture
Universal
Computer
Universal
Constructor
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/vonNeumann.html
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Self replication
Replicating bacterium
DNA
DNA Polymerase
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Self replication
Drexler’s proposal for an assembler
http://www.foresight.org/UTF/Unbound_LBW/chapt_6.html
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Broadcast architecture
Molecular
constructor
Molecular
constructor
Macroscopic
computer
Molecular
constructor
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/selfRep.html
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Replication
Manufacturing costs
per kilogram
will be low
• Today: potatoes, lumber, wheat, etc. are
all about a dollar per kilogram.
• Tomorrow: almost any product will be
about a dollar per kilogram or less.
(Design costs, licensing costs, etc. not
included)
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Replication
An overview of replicating systems
for manufacturing
• Advanced Automation for Space Missions,
edited by Robert Freitas and William Gilbreath
NASA Conference Publication 2255, 1982
• A web page with an overview of replication:
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/selfRep.html
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Impact
The impact
of a new manufacturing technology
depends on what you make
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Impact
Powerful Computers
• We’ll have more computing power in the
volume of a sugar cube than the sum total
of all the computer power that exists in the
world today
• More than 1021 bits in the same volume
• Almost a billion Pentiums in parallel
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Impact
Lighter, stronger,
smarter, less expensive
• New, inexpensive materials with a strengthto-weight ratio over 50 times that of steel
• Critical for aerospace: airplanes, rockets,
satellites…
• Useful in cars, trucks, ships, ...
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Impact
Nanomedicine
• Disease and ill health are caused largely
by damage at the molecular and cellular
level
• Today’s surgical tools are huge and
imprecise in comparison
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Impact
Nanomedicine
• In the future, we will have fleets of surgical
tools that are molecular both in size and
precision.
• We will also have computers much smaller
than a single cell to guide those tools.
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Impact
Size of a robotic arm
~100 nanometers
8-bit computer
Mitochondrion
~1-2 by 0.1-0.5 microns
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Impact
Mitochondrion
Size of a robotic
arm ~100
nanometers
“Typical” cell: ~20 microns
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“Typical” cell
Mitochondrion
Molecular computer
+ peripherals
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Remove bad things
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Respirocytes
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Respirocytes.html
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Nanomedicine Volume I
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nanosensors, nanoscale scanning
Power (fuel cells, other methods)
Communication
Navigation (location within the body)
Manipulation and locomotion
Computation
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine
By Robert Freitas,
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A revolution in medicine
• Today, loss of cell function results in
cellular deterioration:
function must be preserved
• With medical nanodevices, passive
structures can be repaired:
structure must be preserved
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Temperature
Cryonics
Liquid nitrogen
Time
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Payoff matrix
It works
It doesn't
Experimental group
www.alcor.org
A very long and
healthy life
Die, lose life
insurance
Control group
Die
Die
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Public perception
“Thus, like so much else in medicine, cryonics,
once considered on the outer edge, is moving
rapidly closer to reality”
ABC News World News Tonight, Feb 8th
“…[medical] advances are giving new credibility
to cryonics.”
KRON 4 News, NightBeat, May 3, 2001
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The environment
Human impact
on the environment
• Population
• Living standards
• Technology
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The environment
Reducing human impact
on the environment
• Greenhouse agriculture/hydroponics
• Solar power
• Pollution free manufacturing
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Nanotechnology offers ...
possibilities for health, wealth,
and capabilities beyond most
past imaginings.
K. Eric Drexler
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