Transcript Slide 1

Chap 3 Migration
Rubenstein
Human Geography
Be sure you are watching the assigned videos – see course web
page to access the videos
TERMS
• Relocation Diffusion
• Migration and Mobility
• Immigration and Emigration
• Net migration = Immigration Emigration
In the news:
British
Columbia
Current Patterns of Migration
Note major donor and receiving regions
How does this relate to largest pop. Concentrations?
Net Migration OECD Members
value/1,000 people for example in 2003 Spain added 14.5 people for every 1,000 in the country
Year AustraliaAustria Canada DenmarkGreece Ireland Japan Spain United States
OECD averag
1985
5.6
0.7
2.6
1.8
0.6
-9.3
0
0.4
2.7
0.3
1990
7.3
7.6
6.5
1.6
6.3
-2.2
0
0.9
3.1
3.1
1995
5.9
0.3
5.5
5.5
7.3
1.6
-0.4
0.9
4.4
2.7
1996
5.3
0.5
5.6
3.2
6.6
4.6
-0.1
1.3
4.6
2.5
1997
3.9
0.2
5.2
2.3
5.7
5.1
0.1
1.6
4.8
2.2
1998
4.8
1.1
3.9
2.1
5.1
4.5
0.3
3.1
4.2
2.2
1999
5.5
2.5
5.2
1.7
4.1
6.4
-0.1
4.9
4.4
2.7
2000
5.8
2.2
6.5
1.7
2.7
8.4
0.3
8.9
4.6
2.9
2001
7
2.2
7.9
2.2
3.5
10
1.1
10.1
4.5
3.4
2002
5.6
4.2
6.8
1.7
3.5
8.4
-0.4
15.7
4.4
4.2
2003
5.5
4.4
6.2
1.1
3.4
7.8
0.5
14.5
4.1
4.1
2004
5.2
6.2
6.2
0.9
11.6
3.7
3.6
2005
5.9
1.2
3.5
2.6
Source: http://www.swivel.com/data_sets/show/1004869
What causes Canada to be so high and Japan so low? Their fertility
rates of native born citizens are quite similar.
Net Migration 2008
Generally Less Developed to More, also
note the move out of the Sahel in Africa
– Climate Change?
Changing Patterns across Time
Push – Pull Model
• Method for explaining and understanding
Migration patters
• Is a two way dynamic system, means that both
push factors & pull factors active
• Can quickly change over time especially as
obstacles change or Push or Pull factors
• Can effect different parts of the population
differently, such as:
• Age group
• Gender, ethnic or religious group
Push, Pull & Obstacles
Three broad classifications of push and/or
pull factors:
1. Economic – historically strongest
2. Political (Rubenstein likes the word Cultural,
also includes Religious)
3. Environmental – currently growing – note
Sahel in Africa
Push examples
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Not enough jobs
Few opportunities
"Primitive" conditions
Desertification
Famine/drought
Political fear/persecution
Poor medical care
Loss of wealth
Natural Disasters
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Death threats
Slavery
Pollution
Poor housing
Landlords
Bullying
Poor chances of finding
courtship -- mate
Pull examples
• Job opportunities
• Better living conditions
• Political and/or religious
freedom
• Enjoyment – Quality of
Life
• Education
•
•
•
•
•
Better medical care
Security
Family links
Industry
Better chances of finding
courtship
Gender Pull???
Sex ratio of population aged below 15 years per
country (2006 CIA World Factbook) – will China welcome foreign wives???
Blue: below 0.99 males/female
White: 1.06 males/female (World Average)
Red: above 1.13 males/female
(Grey: no data)
Push, Pull & Obstacles
Obstacles – Multiple but common ones
1. Physical
2. Political
3. Cultural
http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/francis/
US-MEXICO%20BORDER-WALL.jpg
http://www.securityglobalnews.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/homeland-security.jpg
Characteristics of Migrants: Study
Questions & Critical Thinking
1. Gender: What historically was
the mix of genders in international
migration to the US? What is it
today? What might have caused
this change?
2. Age Cohort (or group): how has
the immigration pattern to the US
changed? Does this affect
schools? Does this affect taxes?
Does this affect politics?
How Push-Pull Model works–
Think of countries as sunken bathtubs
Most common factors are demographically linked
where -- Demographic Factors link to Economic,
Political, and Environmental Influences
1. Births (CBR) – faucet or input
2. Deaths (CDR) – drain or outflow
3. RNI -- Rate a which “bathtub” is filling and/or spilling
4. “Carrying Capacity” -- Size of the “bathtub”
5. Technological Change -- Rate at which the capacity of
the bathtub changes
6. Immigration, Emigration, & Net internal migration -Overflow/Inflow
7. Obstacles -- Channels and barriers
Guest Workers
• Read and reflect on this section since our
country is about to (???) debate such
legislation
Click to continue
SAY YOU’RE A Bangladeshi taxi driver struggling to survive on your daily wage in
Dhaka. A couple of nongovernmental organizations have offered you help, but
you can pick only one form of assistance: access to microcredit, or a chance to
work in the United States. What’s the better deal? According to a recent analysis
by the Center for Global Development, microcredit loans might net you an extra
$700 over the course of a lifetime. Working stateside, you’re likely to make the
same amount in a month.
Nothing rich countries can send the global poor—not loans, not textbooks, not
fair-wage…
http://www.google.com/search?q=%22guest+workers%22+us+2009&rls=com.microsoft:*:IE-SearchBox&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=ie7&rlz=1I7GGIH_en
We asked the experts from our discussion to weigh in again after reading Mr. Richtel’s article, which focused on a
Google worker, Sanjay Mavinkurve, who is the United States on a H-1B guest worker visa. Here’s what they had to
say.
Mark Heesen, National Venture Capital Association
Ron Hira, public policy professor, Rochester Institute of Technology
Guillermina Jasso, sociology professor, N.Y.U.
Norman Matloff, computer science professor, U.C. Davis
Vivek Wadhwa, Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University
Click to continue
John Miano, lawyer and computer programmer
History of
American
Immigration
And why has US
Immigration Changed
???
1st Wave
2nd Wave
3rd Wave
Current Wave
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•
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European Immigration & Other
movements to/inside the United
States -- Three historical waves
plus current wave
First wave 1840-60
Second wave 1870-90
Third wave 1900-20
Great (Internal) Migration 1916-1960
Modern wave 1965-present
Wave 1
1. Early slow immigration pattern -- Prior to 1840
mostly British immigrants with small numbers of
Germans, Dutch, French, & Scandinavians
2. First Wave -- 1840-60 – Western Europe primarily
German, Irish & English
PUSH FACTORS
-Macro level -- Demographic, Economic, Technological
a. Population pressure -- Stage 2 Demographic Transition
caused by the Industrial Revolution
b. Too few jobs
a. Agriculture shedding labor
b. Industry not creating enough
Wave 1
-Micro level (Place Specific) -- War & Famine
a. 1848 year of Revolution – related to upheavels of
Industrial Revolution & Population Explosion (what
did Karl Marx write at this time???)
b. Germany great disruptions that resulted in largescale emigration
c. 1840's Ireland suffered a series of Potato famines -starvation in part was a direct result landholding
system which favored a few land owning elite over
the mass of land poor people (sound like one of
videos you are being asked to view?)
– From Ireland came destitute people -- the first large scale
immigration of poverty stricken people, created our original
large city slum areas
Wave 1
-PULL FACTORS
-Primarily Macro Level -- Agricultural Land & Industrial Jobs
a. Agricultural land available (U.S Public Land Survey)
b. Industrial revolution – need labor -- 1824 world's first Planned
Industrial City (Lowell, MA) -- textile manufacturer
c. Resources and European investment capital bountiful
d. Result LABOR SHORTAGES despite stage 2 of the
demographic transition
1) East: Immigration good for industry as a means of keeping wage
costs down
2) West: deals between American railroad “robber barons”, like
California Governor Leyland Stanford (yes, that's Stanford as in
Stanford University), and Chinese labor tycoons to supply cheap
Chinese laborers for railway construction.
a. In Washington State, as late as the early 20th century the Northern
Pacific and Great Northern imported cheap Japanese crews for similar
reasons.
Wave 1
3. End of first wave -- Civil War 1861-1865
Civil War Draft Riots 1863 NYC & Elsewhere
4. Second Wave -- 1870 - 1890 -Still Northern & Western Europe
PUSH FACTORS
-Macro level -- Demographic, Economic,
Technological
a. Primarily the same as before
4. Second Wave -- 1870 - 1890 -Still Northern & Western Europe
PULL FACTORS -- remains much the
same as First Wave
a. Agricultural opportunities remain high
b. Industry continues to expand,
becomes world leader in heavy
industry -- especially steel
c. As labor attempts to unionize owners
seek new cheaper replacement labor
d. Family reunification & gate keeper
effect
Second Wave -- 1870 - 1890
End of second wave -- Panic of 1893 -recession
A growing credit shortage created panic, resulting in a depression. Over
the course of this depression 15,000 businesses, 600 banks, and 74
railroads failed. There was severe unemployment and wide-scale
protesting, which in some cases became very violent.
Third Wave -- 1895-1915 -Southern & Eastern Europe
PUSH FACTORS
a. Industrial revolution moves south and
east in Europe, demographic transition
follows -- while Northern and Western
Europe moves into stage 3
Third Wave -- 1895-1915 -Southern & Eastern Europe
PULL FACTORS
a. Agricultural frontier generally closed by
1890, opportunities primarily in Urban areas
b. Industry quickly recovers from earlier
recession and has voracious appetite for
cheap foreign labor
1) Lowell MA factory owners prefer to create work
gangs from multiple ethnic backgrounds on the
hope that they will be unable to communicate and
organize
Third Wave
End of Great Immigration Era -- WW I &
Political Obstacles
Shifting Origin &
Reaction: Note
these circles don’t
indicate the number
of immigrants only
the origins -- refer
to next slide for
numbers
???
1st Wave
2nd Wave
3rd Wave
Current Wave
End of the Third Wave
a. Although immigration recovers after WW
I, Quota Law/National Origin Laws passed
in 1920 & 1924 effectively bar Eastern &
Southern Europeans -- BARRIER
b. Following this the Great Depression of the
1930's and WW II until late 1940’s reduce
any PULL FACTORS
5. Period of Internal Migration -- AfricanAmericans from the south
a. The south never experienced the industrial expansion of
the pre-WW II north in the US and the south never
offered much of a pull to immigrants after 1840
1) The cheap agricultural labor of the south was African-American
b. Wartime production starting with WWI extending to the
post-WW II expansion opened up industrial jobs to
Blacks in large numbers
The Great Migration
PUSH FACTORS -- Economic
a. Economic servitude continued on
southern tenant & sharecrop farms
b. Southern urban industrial opportunities
were minimal, especially for Blacks
c. Segregation and Discrimination
– Dejure Segregation
The Great Migration
PULL FACTORS -- Economic
a. Northern industry was
desperate for cheap labor, but
the European flow had driedup
b. Southern blacks could double
or triple their incomes by
moving into jobs in the inner
cities of the north
c. Less discrimination
Black owned Restaurant
Chicago
– Defacto segregation
6. NEW WAVE and Present
International conditions -1965 – present
a. Quota system abandoned in 1965, family
reunification and highly skilled immigrants
favored (especially foreign grad students at
American Universities)
b. Vietnam war & Cuba brings large numbers of
refugees requiring comprehensive look at
legislation on refugees -- many of these people,
especially from Laos, represent very low skill
labor (like most of our ancestors)
New Wave
PUSH FACTORS -- Asia, Africa, Latin America
(Developing World)
a. The industrial revolution and demographic transition
arrived after WW II with the end of colonialism and the
beginning of the Cold War.
b. Many of these nations have great resources but not
enough capital
c. The artificial boundaries of the colonial era & current
political instability has resulted in large scale
displacements
d. Larger populations have overwhelmed the traditional
carrying capacity in many third world nations leading to
things like desertification
New Wave
PULL FACTORS -- Economic, Demographic
a. The US is in the latter part of stage 3, we
lack sufficient young workers -- especially
low skilled ones
b. Americans on average get to use 16
times the resources that people in the third
world get (i.e. for a nation that traces our heritage to
the poor of Europe and enslaved of Africa we're mighty
wealthy)
Today
Where are we going???
Can we solve our illegal migrant issue?
How many people should we take in each year,
and under what type of a program?
Is the current economic downturn about to bring
the “New Wave” to an end?
These are all questions that you will be called
upon to deal with over the next several
decades.
Destination of Immigrants to the
End of 2007
An always
changing
American
Landscape
In my extended
family there are
now American -Pakistanis,
Japanese,
Croatians,
Chinese, plus
African-Americans
what about
yours???
Other Sections
• Look these over carefully, they are pretty
self explanatory and much of these you
are well aware of
• Note especially the interregional migration
patterns in Large Countries
What is this map demonstrating?
Note the circled area of
loss, anyone know the
environmental factor
heavily contributing to
this outflow and decline?
Videos
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Chinese to America Immigration – interesting picture collage past to present
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqT_esGJinM&feature=related
Immigration in the United States - 1900s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RZbmeiYkJ0&feature=related
The Arrival of Immigrants – includes Edison Film shot in July 24,1903 and reference to
Charlie Chaplin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0dpjClXOOM&feature=related
An African in America Today
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TL8wNI5N8_g&feature=related
400 iLLEGAL ALIENS strolling across the border
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODERBqMlMd4
UKIP Labour, Liberal Democrats and Labour Debate immigration - 2010 p 1 of 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YOAgt6heZM
AUDIO stories
Discussin of Angle Island in San Francisco Bay and the Chinese Exclusion Act
http://www.npr.org/templates/rundowns/rundown.php?prgId=5&prgDate=10-6-2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVP0RRvl2WE
Great Migration
• Michelle Obama’s family roots and her ancestors
migration from the South to the North
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/10/08/us/politics/20091008-obama-family-tree.html