1750-1900

Allison Fish

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable version in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 177s. This technology was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powering ships and locomotives.

Opium War

Causes: When China refused to trade with other countries, Britain decided to expose them to Opium and get them addicted; they profited greatly from the amount of opium sold. When the Chinese government tried to outlaw it, Britain went to war against them with help from France. Effect: Opened China up for Foreign Trading Tea and Silk Industry flourished Rapid increase of Trade

Crimean War

A Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires, that was fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

Muhammad Ali

Muhammad was the leader of Egyptian modernization early during the 19th century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Simion Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for • • independence in South America. Born in Venezuela He led military forces there and in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture:

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military intervention by the British and French. He later was decieved and thrown in prison, where he died.

Napoleon

General who overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Napoleon was taking over many countries, and it was called the Napoleonic Wars. He failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814, then returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where all the European countries and the U.S. split up Africa to take over,

Boxer Rebellion

The boxer rebellion was caused by foriegn countries dominating and humiliating China. The boxer's were chinese, who were killing all of the foriegners. This was aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe.

Its purpose was to decide about the political situation after Napoleon was defeated.

French Revolution

A conflict for liberty and equality in which the monarchy, Marie Antoinette and Louis XIV were beheaded.

Causes: 1st estate- clergy 2%tax 2nd estate- nobles took 0% tax 3rd estate- Three groups, 50% tax Bourgeoisic, Workers, and Peasants New Ideas about gov.t Economic problems Weak indecisive leadership

Indian National Congress

British approved political party that called for greater participation in government and state affairs of Black people.

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) He was the founder of modern communism.

*wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engles in 1848; *wrote Das Kapital in 1867

Meiji Restoration

Political program that followed after the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

This program changed Japanese government and incorporated European practices into their government, education, and economy; and also led to Westernization.

Monreo Doctorine

An American policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

Otto von Bismark

• • German leader who provoked wars to create a sense of Nationalism Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany) *worked to establish peace in germany * viewed France as his greatest threat

Sepoy Rebellion

• The revolt of Indian soldiers against insulting practices by the British; included using cow fat to wrap bullets, a Hindu violation.

• This was the most serious threat to the British ruling India.

Self Strengthing Movement

• The Self-Strengthening Movement was a movement organised during the late Qing Dynasty . The movement's intent was the modernization of China as a result of many military defeats it had faced at the hands of the West. It could be divided into three phases the first phase ( 1861 1872 ), the second phase ( 1872 1885 ) and the third phase ( 1885 1895 ).

Social Darwinism

• • Survival of the fittest This was an idea propose by Charlse Darwin, a scientist who study evolution. Evolution is the evolving of a species over time. He believed that only that of the species that were the strongest would live or those who would learn to adapt to its surroundings.

Socialism

• • Economic theory that promotes govt. intervention and participation in business Karl Marx was the first person to introduce the idea of Socialism, by writing the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels .

Nationalism

• • Love of a country and willingness to sacrifice for it.

Nationalism was one of the main causes of the reunification of Germany.

Industrial Revolution

Origins: The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines.

Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking.

While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.

Industrial Revolution

New Machines: The telegraph, which was invented by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, was very helpful in improving communication. The steam engine was also invented in this time period, it allowed for easier transportation. Railroads were also used to help with transporting goods, and people. Other inventions that were created were the spinning weave loom for cotton, the flying shuttle, and the spinning jenny.

Industrial Revolution

The effects: The Industrial revolution for the most part raise the human quality of life with all of the changes that took place, except for the lower class. They had to bare life with lower wages, the children were preforming hazardous task such as cleaning machinery, and overcrowding was getting more and more. Pollution began to become a real big problem.

Industrial Revolution

Political and Economic effects: The political effect was that the number of male votes increased prefuciously from before and during the industrial revolution. The economy during the revolution was at its best, being that the inventions that were created help shorten the time of certain jobs that needed to be done.

Industrial Revolution

The factory system (political and social effects): The factory system took everything by storm.

It started to take over the small businesses and produced for efficient products in small amounts of time. During this time period women had gained more “freedom” than they had ever had before. With the coming of the industrial revolution women held jobs, children were put in school, and man and animal power were replace with machines. Some women would work in the factories, and others would work at other small businesses.

American Revolution

The causes and effects: The American revolution came about by many acts and feelings towards Britain and their ruling over the colonies. The French and Indian War lead to the start of taxing the colonist to help pay for fiscal losses from the war.

The Stamp Act and the Townshend Act both had to due with taxing the colonist as well. The Boston Tea Party was a revolt to so the opposed of the taxing of tea, and the Boston Massacre was another revolt against the red coats in which four lives were lost. All of these events lead up to the American Revolution.

The effects: The Declaration of Independence The Treaty of Paris The Articles of Confederation The Bill of Rights The main effect of the American Revolution was the independence of the American Colonies from Great Britian.

French Revolution

• The cause of the French Revolution was the major gap between the classes of the French society. This caused resentment that lead to the beginning of the French Revolution.

Telegraph

Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to helping invent the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code (bearing his name) that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines. It also made railroads more safe and more efficient. Submarine telegraphs made the world smaller; communication wasn't limited to the speed of a ship anymore.

Cotton Gin

• A young white man named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. It was a lot like the old churka, but it had steel teeth that caught the cotton fibers, and a system of pulleys to pull harder. This was apart of industrialization. It helped with the production of cotton to make it more efficent and to make more in less time.

Interchangeable Parts

During the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century, machines took over most of the manufacturing work from men, and factories replaced craftsmen's workshops. The event that laid the groundwork for this monumental change was the introduction of interchangeable parts, or pre-manufactured parts that were for all practical purposes identical, into the firearms industry. Interchangeable parts, popularized in America when Eli Whitney used them to assemble muskets in the first years of the 19th century, allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost, and made repair and replacement of parts infinitely easier.

The Impact of Interchangeable Parts Whitney proved to be an effective businessman and manager, dividing labor efficiently among his largely unskilled work force and building precision equipment that enabled the production of large numbers of identical parts quickly and at a relatively low cost. The last of the 10,000 muskets that Whitney had promised in his original contract came in eight years late, but were judged to be of superior quality, and he produced 15,000 more within the next four years.

By the time the War of 1812 broke out between the United States and Great Britain, leading weapons producers like Colt and Smith & Wesson had made the doctrine of interchangeable parts established practice in the American gun industry. The U.S. introduced the first large-scale assembly of weapons with its adoption of the Model 1842 musket, and the new arms industry would produce hundreds of thousands of rifles for Civil War soldiers, all from interchangeable parts. By the 1850s, arms makers around the world were following what had become known as the American System of Manufacture, which had helped the United States out-produce traditional industrial powers such as Great Britain and Germany. The impact of this new system spread quickly to other industries and other products, from sewing machines and typewriters to the first automobiles.

National Assembly

• The national assembly was a type of legislature in multiple country during the 19th century. France is the most well know form their National Assembly after the French Revolution.

French Revolution: Convention to Napoleon

Tne convention abolished the monarchy.

Committee on Public Safety was created, and everyone was killed.1799 coup d'état was done by Napoleon Bonaparte, which is the overthrowning of a head or state and/or head of government. Napoleon later became emperor, and ruled until 1814.

Latin American Independence Movements

• • • 19 century- the 20th Causes-Enlightenment Ideas, French and American Revolutions, and Napoleonic Wars.

Effects- New Leaders, Free Nations, New Governments, Poverty, Fueds among leaders, and geographic barriers.

Hatian Revolution

Cause: • The enslaved Africans Events: Toussaint L'ouverture led a revolt to win their freedom.

They fought with the French aganist the royalist.

Dessalines pronounces them an independent nation and • himself emporer. Importance: The revolution in Haiti was the first slave rebellion, which was led by L'Ouverture. It was only one of two successful revolts against European countries before the 19th century.

Conservatism in Europe

Sought to return things to pre-revolutionary Europe.

Liberalism in Europe

Individuals possess certain rights such as liberty and equality and the purpose of government is to protect these rights.

Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany began many years earlier, during the Napoleonic Wars . At the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, which is also called the Battle of Nations , many of the German states joined with Russia , Sweden , and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army. In the subsequent Peace of Vienna in 1815, which ended the Napoleonic Wars, Austria remained the most powerful of the German states, in terms of political power. Prussia emerged as Austria's political and diplomatic rival.

Unification took place on 18 January 1871 . At the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War , the German princes proclaimed the German nation in Versailles, France , at the Hall of Mirrors . Unification joined together the many independent German states. These states became the German Empire .

Italian Unification

 The movement truly began in 1848, when there were many revolts occurring throughout Italy after Klemens Wenzel von Metternich lost his office of Austrian Chancellor.The movement for independence succeeded in 1859 through the efforts of Count Cavour , the Piedmontese Giuseppe Garibaldi.

prime minister, as well as - an Italian national hero, who united the South, thus allowing King Victor Emmanuel to become the first King of Italy .

Zionism

The nationalist movement with the stated goal to establish Jewish state in Palestine; Theodore Herzl lead this movement.

Emancipation of Serfs in Russia

The Serfs in Russia were peseants. In Russian society they had a set of rules that kept them on their farms, they were not allowed to own land, and could not marry just anyone. With the emancipation of them, changed these laws. They could free from farming, could marry whoever they pleased, and could own land and vote.

New Imperialism

modern, industrial nations sought economic control over weaker nations New Imperialism was the era where European Nations were able to take over other nations. This was when Europe went through industrialization, th population expanded, better guns were being produced in factories; these factors made it easier to take over other nations with ease.

White man's burden

A White Man's Burden was a poem writen by Rudyard Kipling. It is urging the United States to take on the burden of becoming an empire.

Direct vs. Indirect control (of colonial possessions)

As European nations tries to extend their authority over weaker lands, they needed to determine if their rule was direct or indirect. Direct: the colony is under control by the mother country as a result of conquest. Indirect: the colony was given a degree of autonomy (independence)

King Leopold

• • • • King of Belgium Established lucrative Congo Free State Propelled European nations to seek colonies Led to Berlin Conference

Taiping Rebellion (1850's and 1860's)

The taiping rebellion was a civil war in China. Hong Xiuquan the leader believed he was Gods second son. He created a cult because the Christian missionaries told him he was wrong. He also believe that he was supposed to take domn the government the Manchus. Him and his cult did this. They concord all of southern China and threated to take the Qing Empire.

(rebellions of religion and millenarianism) It is the world's bloodies civil war. The British and French intervene.

Spheres of influence

Spheres of Influence is where a foreign power or powers exert a form or influence such as military, economic, and/or cultural.

This allowed countries to have specific trading privileges with China.

Spanish-American War

(1898) The Spanish-American War was caused by the fact of multiple countries wanted Cuba to become independent.When Spain lost the Sea War, they had to give up all of its colonies in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Everyone of these countries expect Cuba became a U.S. territory.

U.S. Open Door Policy

This was a policy that was between the United States, China and several other countries. It allowed China the ability to trade with each of these nations, because prior to that China was a "closed" country.

Opening of Japan

Sakoku was the policy for japan which stated that no one could enter or leave Japan under penalty of death. Until Commodore Perry came and demanded Japan open trade with the west in 1853, but wasn't until the next year that he force the shogun to sign the Treaty of Peace and Amity. This established formal diplomatic relations with Japan and the US.

Sino- Japanese War

China v. Japan for Korea; Japan crushed, showed imperial aspirations 1st • • a war over control with Japan The Qing Dynasty and aganist the Empire of Japan, later won the war with the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

2nd • Was apart of World War II

Decline of Ottoman Empire

Causes for the decline of the Ottoman empire: territorial threats from Russia and Austria; rise of independence movements; shift from land to sea routes, Europe and Asia cut out middleman.