Transcript Wave Length

Communications &
Tracking Plan
Development
Workshops
July 9, 11 & 13
2007
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Communication Reality
WV SB 247 and the
Miner Act did not
revoke the laws
of physics
WV §56-4 drafted with
all the laws in mind
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WV §56-4
• Wireless – miner not connected by wire
• Two-way communications to each miner in at
least two separate airways
• Tracking each miner in relation to known points
prior and in escapeways after
• Operators submit Communication/Tracking Plan
by July 31, 2007
– Understand needs and thought through risks
– Survive accident or be quickly repairable
– Communication center operator min. red-hat
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Electro-Magnetics for Miners
Enough so you can ask the right questions
… not so much it hurts your head
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Frequencies Wave Lengths & Rates
Analog
Digital
Baud Rate = Number of
clock cycles per second
Bit Rate = Number of bits
transmitted per second
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Available Frequencies
Practical options are
limited by physics and
existing uses
ELF-LF MF
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VHF-UHF
WiFi
Band Definitions
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Abbreviation
Name
Frequency Band
ELF
Extremely Low Frequency
30 - 300 Hz
VLF
Very Low Frequency
3 – 30 KHz
LF
Low Frequency
30 – 300 KHz
MF
Medium Frequency
300 – 3000 KHz
VHF
Very High Frequency
30 MHz – 300 MHz
UHF
Ultra High Frequency
300 – 3000 MHz
Bandwidth
• Analog bandwidth is frequency range
• Digital bandwidth is amount of information in
a given amount of time
Voice = 300-3400 Hz
Analog bandwidth = 3100 Hz
Digital bandwidth = 18,600 bps
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Decibels (dB)
• Decibels are measure
of signal and noise
Gain is given by:
#dB = 10 log10 Pout
Pin
• When negative means
loss
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dB level
−30 dB =
−20 dB =
−10 dB =
−3 dB =
3 dB =
10 dB =
20 dB =
30 dB =
power
ratio
1/1000 = 0.001
1/100 = 0.01
1/10 = 0.1
1/2 = 0.5 (approx.)
2 (approx.)
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100
1000
Losses in Wires and Cables
Metal Wires & Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Resistance + Skin Affect
Material Absorption
Splice Losses
Material Scattering
Bending Losses
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Losses in the Entry
• Path loss
– Increase as square of the distance
• Other Losses
– Materials
– Multi-path
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Material Effects
Material
LF
MF
VHF/UHF
WiFi
Dry wood
RF-lucent
RF-absorbent
RF-lucent
RF-absorbent
Wet wood
RF-lucent
RF-absorbent
RF-absorbent
RF-absorbent
Coal
RF-lucent
RF-opaque
RF-opaque
RF-opaque
Metal
RF-lucent
RF-lucent
RF-opaque
RF-opaque
Water
RF-lucent
RF-absorbent
RF-absorbent
RF-absorbent
RF-lucent lets radio waves pass through it without any substantial loss
RF-absorbent allows radio waves to pass but with substantial loss
RF-opaque blocks, reflects, and scatters RF waves
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Multi-Path Propagation
R
S
D
R= Reflection
D= Diffraction
S=Scattering
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Reflective Effects
Reflected
waves interact
to form new
patterns
These may not
be recognized
by the receiver
as useful
information
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Ideal Waveguide Effects
Confines and guides path of electromagnetic wave
X
1st
2nd
Y
8th
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dB
Realistic Waveguide Effects
Reflective losses
and absorption
increase attenuation
modes
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Noise Effects
• All communications systems have
Distortion
noise
– Radio frequency interference (RFI)
– Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
– Laser noise
Masking
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Antenna Choices
Antenna design offers many
coverage pattern options
Critical that the correct one
is used for each location
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Leaky Feeder Antennas
Propagated
Signal
Internal
Propagation
Internal Wire
Outside Sheath w/openings
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Transmission Modes
• Simplex
– One direction
• Half duplex
– Either direction, but only one way at a time
• Full duplex
– Both directions at the same time
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RFID
Radio Frequency Identification
Software matches Tag ID database
Radio command signal
issued from reader
Antenna
Reader
Tag holds
unique ID
164B28F34
Signal containing data returned
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Types of Tags
– Passive
• Power
scavenged from
reader
– Active
• Transmitter/
battery in tag
UHF (850 MHz to 950 MHz) – Ranges to 3
meters and high reading speeds
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HF (13.56 MHz) – Ranges to 1.5 meters - not
susceptible to interference from water or metal
Wireless Communication and
Tracking System Options
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Through The Earth (TTE)
200Hz-4000Hz
Greatest Potential
No In-Mine Backbone
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Current Reality
Commercial One-Way w/Text
Off-Axis Reception Problematic
Large Antenna Loops
Non-Permissible Power Levels
Emergency Shelter Option
Medium Frequency (MF)
300 kHz - 3 MHz
CABLE
BELT
Greatest Potential
Use Existing Metal as Backbone
Interoperability
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Current Reality
Prototype Demonstrated
Unknown Safety
Wi-Fi Mesh Nodes
2.4 GHz
Greatest Potential
Wide Bandwidth Flexibility
Interoperability
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NODE
Current Reality
Initial units demonstrated
Limited Node-to-Node Range
Line-of-Sight Only
Handsets not yet commercial
Requires Redundancy & Hardening
Leaky Feeder (VHF)
150-170 MHz Distributed Antenna System
LEAKY FEEDER
AMPLIFIER
Greatest Potential
Available and Upgradeable
Interoperability
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Current Reality
Multiple Installations
Commercial Handsets
Limited Beyond Sight of Feeder
Limited Data Capability
Requires Redundancy & Hardening
Leaky Feeder (UHF)
400-500 MHz Distributed Antenna System
LEAKY FEEDER
AMPLIFIER
Greatest Potential
Available and Upgradeable
Interoperability
28
Current Reality
Multiple Installations
Commercial Handsets
Some Beyond Sight of Feeder
Moderate Data Capability
Requires Redundancy & Hardening
Leaky Feeder Enhancements
Distributed Antenna System
SPECIALTY
ANTENNA
RADIATING
CABLE
EXTENSION
Greatest Potential
Mine Wide Coverage
Multiple Pathways
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2ND LEAKY
FEEDER RUN
Current Reality
Limited Installation Experience
Some Needed Devices in Prototype
Future Technologies = Survivability
Greatest Potential
Multiple Pathways
System Integration
Signal Takes Whatever Survives
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Current Reality
Standard Telecom Practice
Site Specific Best Solution
Interoperability Limited
Device Development Required
Adoptable to Current Technology
Tracking Where GPS Won't Go
Know the Location
Proximity signal strength
Acknowledgement
Communicate the Location
Dedicated backbone
Shared backbone
Show Information
Map display
Data analysis
Threshold alarms
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Current Reality
Zone Systems
RFID Active Tag Systems
Ethernet Backbone and
Leaky Feeder Backbone
Signal Triangulation Near
WV §56-4 Functionality Reviews
After the evaluation of the documentation
submitted and with the recommendation of
our technical reviewers the Office of Miner’s
Health Safety and Training verifies that
_________ has demonstrated
functionality such as would
allow W.Va. underground
mining permit holders to meet
all or part of their requirements
for emergency communications
and tracking outlined in the West
Virginia Emergency Rule Governing
Protective Clothing And Equipment, §564-8 and will be included in the listing of
reviewed devices.
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Pre-Application Meeting
Application Received
Reviewed
Data Augmentation Requested
Re-Reviewed
Functionality Determination Letter
MSHA IS Approval
Active Applications
Varis Communications
150-170MHz Leaky Feeder
Kenwood Radios
Digital – 56kbs
Hughes Supply
150-170MHz Leaky Feeder
400-500Mhz Leaky Feeder
Kenwood Radios
Digital – 56kbps
Marco North-America
900MHz RFID Tracking
Leaky Feeder or Ethernet
Hannah Engineering
2.4GHz 802.11 Nodes
VoIP Phones and WiFi Tags
Digital – 11mbps
Matrix Design Group
433 MHz Tag Tracking
Fiberoptic Ethernet Backbone
Leaky Feeder Backbone
Helicomm, Inc (Venture Development)
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2.4GHz 802.15.4 Nodes
RS845 Ring of Subnet
Controllers
Digital 250kbs
Text Messaging
400-500Mhz RFID Tracking
Active Control Technology
2.4GHz 802.11 Nodes
VoIP Phones and WiFi Tags
Digital 11mbps
2.4Ghz Signal Strength Tracking
MineComm (Pyott Boone Electronics)
150-170MHz Leaky Feeder
400-500Mhz Leaky Feeder
Kenwood Radios
Digital – 56kbps
Mine Site Technology (CSE)
150-170MHz Leaky Feeder
LF Through the Earth
2.4GHz 802.11 Tag Tracking
Mine Radio System
150-170MHz Leaky Feeder
Kenwood Radios
Digital – 56kbps
Ranjant Corporation
2.4 GHz 802.11 Nodes
Wireless Backbone Only
Northern Lights
2.4GHz 802.11 Nodes
Fiber or CAT5 Ethernet Backbone
WiFi Tags and VoIP Phones
Quality of Communications
“
Can you hear me now?”
Turns out not to be
a trivial question
Copyright Verizon
Accepted Reception Reporting Systems
Signal Strength Interference of any type Overall Quality
Adapted a standard
reporting format
from ARRL
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5-Excellent
5-No interference
5-Excellent
4-Good
4-Very slight
4-Good
3-Fair
3-Moderate
3-Fair
2-Poor
2-Heavy
2-Poor
1-Useless
1-Extreme
1-Unusable
Quality of Reporting
Reporting has been done in distances
Provides limited information
Adopted minimal information requirements for reporting
Example of tabular reporting
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Ability to Relate
Still need more information to make design decisions
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Developing Your Plan
Intended to be used by:
• Operators to perfect system
design
• Miners to understand how
the systems work
• Mine Inspectors to ensure
adequate coverage
• Mine Rescue to understand
how to contact and track in
an emergency
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Our Plan
Why Write a Plan
• To organize your thoughts and identify gaps
• To provide guidance to those that implement
your plan
– Miners and emergency responders
– Contractors
• To demonstrate that you have chosen a
workable solution
• No points off for grammar or spelling
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Our Plan
Tab 1
Tab 2
Tab 3
Tab 4
Tab 5
Emergency Contact Information
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Our Plan
Emergency Contact Information
Mine Name
Mine Address
Physical Location
Mine ID – State
Mine ID – MSHA
General Manager/Superintendent Name Communication System Manufacturer
Communication System Vendor
Daytime Phone #
Emergency Phone #
Emergency Phone #
Email address
Email address
Safety Manager/Director
Daytime Phone #
Emergency Phone #
Email address
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Tracking System Manufacturer
Tracking System Vendor
Emergency Phone #
Email address
Our Plan
Tab 1
Tab 2
Tab 3
Tab 4
Tab 5
Communication-Tracking
System Description
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Our Plan
Description
• Overview of structure and operations of the
final separate or integrated communication/
tracking system(s)
• Including actions you have or will have to
take to meet §56.4 requirements
– Text description of the components that
are currently in place and those that are
planned to be added
– How each contributes to meeting the
requirements
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Our Plan
Coverage
• Explain how your plan will allowing for
wireless tracking and wireless two way
communications with each miner providing
coverage in at least two separate air courses,
at least one of which shall be an intake.
• And for knowing the location of miners and
direction of travel at key points in the
escapeways, at a minimum at junctions
(section, section-submain/mains
intersections), so that all options of travel are
covered.
43
Our Plan
Survivability
• Explain what has been or will be done to
ensure survivability such that the
communication-tracking system will be
functional after an accident
– What provisions are made for rapidly reestablishing coverage
– Maintain communication/tracking after
loss of outside power
44
Our Plan
Shelter(s)
• Description of the communication system
that is or will be used in shelters
– Provisions made to rapidly reestablish
communication if lost in the accident
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Our Plan
Tab 1
Tab 2
Tab 3
Tab 4
Tab 5
Communication-Tracking
System Operations
46
Our Plan
Installation and Maintenance
• Explain how the communications/tracking
system will be:
– Installed (who and how)
– Tested (who and how)
– Maintained (who and how)
• Provide the manufacturer’s checklists
for each type of inspection, routine,
relocation, annual, etc
47
Our Plan
Operating Instructions
• Provide copies of the operating instructions
for each component of the communicationtracking system to be provided for the miner
and for emergency personnel
48
Our Plan
Comm Center Operations
• Describe the communication center
• Include procedures for communication
center operators covering at least:
– Monitoring at all times when one or more
miners are underground
– Knowing the location of all miners, in
relation to pre-determined points
– Check-in and check-out procedures for
seldom used areas
– Emergency response actions
49
Our Plan
Tab 1
Tab 2
Tab 3
Tab 4
Tab 5
Proof of order and
compliance dates
50
Our Plan
Proof of Order
• Copy of purchase orders to implement plan
– Communication-tracking equipment
– Installation
– Routine and emergency maintenance
– If in-house then proof of qualified staff
– Documentation should specify:
• Order date:
• Delivery date:
• Operational Date:
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Our Plan
Tab 1
Tab 2
Tab 3
Tab 4
Tab 5
Training
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Our Plan
Training
• Explain how miners, supervisors and likely
emergency responders will be trained in the
use, limitations and inter-operability of
communication/tracking system
– Initial training dates for implementation of
the communication-tracking system
– How communication/tracking incorporated
in other required training
– Where training will be recorded
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Our Plan
Time Line
August
OMHST
Markups
September –
October
Approvals
> WV Communication Plan Approvals >
July 31
Mine Submittal
August –
September
Re-writing
October +
Order-Installation
> MSHA Electrical Approvals >
OMHS&T Communications Plan Team
One inspector from each Regional office +
Member(s) of the Approval Review Team
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Our Plan
Results, Status and Guidance
Go to:
wvminesafety.org
Click on:
Emergency Communications
and Tracking
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