Transcript The Spread of Calvinism

The Spread of Calvinism
Huldrych Zwingli 1484-1531
Born in Upper Toggenburg on
New Year’s Day (Wildhaus) 7
weeks after the birth of Luther
Zwingli attended school at
Basel and Bern. He entered
the University of Vienna from
1498-9 then again 1501-2.
(G.R. Potter pg 1)
Zwingli studied the classics
and music (He played 6
instruments) where he
excelled in Humanism and the
Violin.
Huldrych Zwingli
Conversion P. Schaff pg
27 says it was gradual
but probably around
1516
Zwingli, becomes a
priest at Glarus (which
he purchased) in 1506,
here he becomes a
chaplain for the Swiss
troops of the Papacy
and participates in
battles at Novara (1513)
and Marignano (1515)
Huldrych Zwingli
Due to his increasing stand against RCC
abuses he is forced out and takes a
priesthood at Einsiedeln 1516-1518
Huldrych Zwingli
While Zwingli was at Einsiedeln he
continued to study Humanism and wrote
many letters to Erasmus even visiting him
at Basel.
At Einsiedeln he started attacking Papal
abuses and formulated his early doctrine
of predestination although original sin was
softened due to his exchanges with
Erasmus (P. Scaff pg 25)
Zwingli in Zurich 1519-1531
Being called to Zurich by Oswalt
Myconius and Heindrich Utinger
Zwingli found a people of like
precious faith. By the time he
gets to Zurich he is in
fundamental agreement with
Luther on most issues.
Preaching at Zurich was
straightforward Bible
exposition. Zurich had about
7000 people. Zwingli was the
preacher at the largest church
“The Great Minister” (G.R.
Potter pg 13)
Zwingli in Zurich 1519-1531
Zwingli while at Zurich preached against:
Fasting (Lent)
Private Confession
The Mass (He saw the Lord’s Supper as a
memorial)
Monasticism and Celibacy (He married in 1522)
Use of Pictures and Music in the Church Service
Purgatory, Intercession of the Saints, the Tithing
System of the RCC (Taxation)
Sale of Indulgences
(Jim Stitzinger, class notes pg 160)
Zwingli eats Sausages at
Lent (His Break with Rome)
1522 Zwingli secretly married
Anna Reinhart Meyer but did not
admit to it until 1524
Due to Public Defiance (publicly
eating sausages at Lent) the town
council organizes a Disputation,
i.e. debate.
Zwingli diligently prepares and
issues the 67 Thesis or
“Conclusions”. Over 600 attend
the Disputation. Zwingli wins
easily due to his total command
of Scripture. The town council
then declares that teaching
Zwingli’s way can continue.
Relief of Zwingli
preaching at the
pulpit
Zwingli eats Sausages at Lent
The nunnery at Oetenbach was
emptied and priests took wives.
2nd Disputation October 26, 1523
was called to dispute the Mass
and Images. Many big name
future Anabaptists were in
attendance. This time over 900 in
attendance for the 3 day event
including 350 Bishops and 10
Doctors of Theology.
Oetenbach?
Zwingli eats Sausages at Lent
Although the Disputation was renounced by the
Bishop of Constance, everything still went smoothly
and the town council approved:
All images removed including pictures, statues,
crucifixes, candles
Decorated walls were whitewashed
Bones of Saints were buried
Alters replaced by tables
Organs in churches were dismantled
Singing by choirs was abolished (but later in the
century added back)
Gold and silver from crucifixes were melted down
Zwingli eats Sausages at Lent
Monasteries and nunneries were emptied and
converted into homes for homeless children
and school buildings
Because Zwingli had so tightly linked the
state to the church he was bound to the city
council for his theology. The city council
functioned as Bishop.
Birth of the Anabaptist
Because Zwingli took so
long to enact real changes
(4 years from his start at
Zurich to the abolition of the
Mass) many of his students
became disgruntled and
formed their own churches
Preachers emerged like:
Conrad Grebel, Hubaier,
Mantz, and Simon Stumpf.
These men were to be the
core of the Anabaptist
movement
Conrad Grebel
Birth of the Anabaptist
These future Anabaptists were saying, “He
taught us and now he has betrayed us. He
sacrificed the Word of God on the alter of
Human Expediency” Estep pg 12 (The
Anabaptist Story)
Zwingli grew in his opposition to Anabaptist
for the rest of his short life.
The Kappel Wars and the
Death of Zwingli
The first Kappel was a result of a Protestant
Pastor Jacob Kaiser being burned in a Catholic
Canton. Zwingli declares war and marches 4000
troops to Zug where they meet at Kappel
Zug,
Switzerland
The Kappel Wars and the
Death of Zwingli
A treaty was hammered
out before the
hostilities began so
when the troops did
meet they made “milk
soup” at the border.
Protestants bought the
milk and the Catholics
brought the bread—milk
toast Yuck!
The Kappel Wars and the
Death of Zwingli
The Second Kappel War was
2 years later mostly because
the agreement reached at the
1st war was not too slick for
the Catholics. (The other
reason for the second was
that the stipulations of the
truce called for the Catholics
breaking their alliance with
Ferdinand of Austria –
Hapsburg- allowing Zwingli to
take lands from the Catholics
without fear of reprisal.)
Ferdinand of Austria
The Kappel Wars and the
Death of Zwingli
In response the Catholic Cantons sent 8000
troops to Kappel then Zurich in 1531. The
Surprise attack caught Zurich by surprise.
Zwingli along with many other pastors were
killed in Battle 1531. Zwingli was hacked up
then burnt.
Zwingli had his faults but he did give us a
simple church with nothing to detract from
clear expository teaching—and he gave us
the Lord’s Supper as a memorial and not a
sacrament.
Reformation in England
1509-1603
The Reformation in England began as a political
movement.
Various forerunners such as William of Occam,
John Wycliffe, Erasmus, the works of Luther &
William Tyndale’s New Testament in English
made little progress and were met with Roman
defense
The first real break with Rome came when Henry
VIII separated with the English (RCC) church
over a personal matter. Pope Clement VII
refused to give Henry a divorce form Catherine
of Aragon in order to marry Anne Boleyn.
Reformation in England
1509-1603
In 1532 Henry VIII appointed
Thomas Cranmer ( a Protestant)
as Prime Minister (1532-1540) he
also appointed Thomas Cranmer
as First Protestant Archbishop of
Canterbury in 1532.
These appointments were
designed to push public feeling
against the RCC’s influence and
were political in intent. However,
Henry underestimated the
spiritual implications.
Reformation in England
1509-1603
Henry VIII broke with Rome in 1534 with the
Act of Supremacy. Cranmer and others
continued the reform efforts beyond this point
over Henry’s objections passing the 13
Articles of 1538.
Under Edward VI (1547-53) Henry’s
successor, Protestant ideas were accepted.
1549—1st book of Common Prayer 1553—
The 42 Articles Later 39 Articles these were
thoroughly Protestant.
Reformation in England
1509-1603
Under Mary Tudor (1553-1558) also known as
“Bloody Mary” great efforts were made to
bring England back to Romanism. This lead
to many bloody persecutions against
Protestantism including the death of Cranmer,
Ridley and Latimer, who died at Oxford.
Later, under Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
the Church of England took its final form—
halfway between Roman Catholic and
Protestant positions in both doctrine and style
of worship.
Early Anglican Church Leaders
Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)
After an active private
life, Cromwell entered
the Henry VIII’s service
as a strong supporter
of Protestantism in
1529.
He became the King’s
Chief Religious Advisor
by 1535. He served as
an intermediary
between Henry and the
Reformation
Parliament.
Early Anglican Church Leaders
Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)
He allied England with the Protestant forces in
Germany and arranged a marriage for Henry
VIII and Anne Boleyn. The King did not like the
marriage and then had no further use for
Cromwell. This led to Cromwell’s arrest,
sentencing for treason and beheading in
1540.
Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)
Thomas Cranmer was
ordained in 1523. He
was active in Henry
VIII’s divorce
procedure. Appointed
Archbishop of
Canterbury in 1532.
Became king Henry’s
chief instrument against
Papal rule in England.
He married and
divorced Henry from
Anne Boleyn following
his own convictions.
Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)
Cranmer was tried for
heresy under Mary
Tudor (1553) in which
he recanted but died at
the stake in March
1556.
Cranmer pushed for
Protestant views going
so far as to invite
Martin Bucer to
England. Supported the
destruction of images.
Book of Common
Prayer of 1549 and in
1542 the 42 Articles.
Matthew Parker 1504-1575
Matthew Parker identified with
the more moderate reformers.
Queen Elizabeth I chose him as
Archbishop of Canterbury 1559.
Parker took part in the issue of
the 39 Articles the Bishop’s
Bible and many other
publications.
He was said to be wise and
tolerant preferred scholarship to
controversy. A large number of
manuscripts bear his name, he
also published several editions of
the medieval chroniclers
The Legacy of the English
Reform
Out of the Church of England
came a number of significant
movements and
denominations.
These include the Puritans
with names like John Fox,
Miles Coverdale, Thomas
Wilcox and Robert Brown.
Other denominations include
the Presbyterians,
Methodist, Baptist,
Congregationalist, and
Separatist.
Miles Coverdale
A Brief Look at the
Puritans
Was a movement within the Church of
England during Elizabeth I.
The general aim was to implement a full
Calvinist Reformation in England
Puritanism: Later became characterized as a
way of life with an emphasis on individual
regeneration, sanctification, prayer, and strict
morality within a Calvinist context. Bible
reading and Biblical preaching were central.
A Brief Look at the
Puritans
Early Puritans
William Ames 15761633 Strong
Calvinist
William Perkins
1558-1602 Preacher
of Repentance
William Ames
A Brief Look at the
Puritans
Separatists Puritans
Robert Brown 15501633
John Greenwood
died 1593
Congregationalist
Puritans
Thomas Goodwin
1600-1680 supported
Cromwell
John Owen 16161683
Richard Baxter
1615-1691
John Owen
A Brief Look at the
Puritans
Presbyterian Puritans
Samuel Rutherford
1600-1661 was at the
Westminster Assembly
George Gillespie
1613-1649 Scottish
Minister
Robert Baillie 15991662
Samuel Rutherford
A Brief Look at the
Puritans
Puritanism in
America
Thomas Hooker
1586-1647
Cotton Mather
1663-1728
Roger Williams
1603-1683
Cotton Mather
A Brief Look at the
Puritans
Laymen Puritans
Oliver Cromwell 15991658
John Bunyan 1628-1688
wrote Pilgrim’s Progress
William Bradford 15891657 Governor of Plymouth
Two Good works on the
Puritans
History of the Puritans
by Daniel Neal 3 volumes
Worldly Saints by Philip
Ryken
John Bunyan