Transcript Document

Sustainable Energy Futures
Sanjoy Banerjee
Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering
Director, the CUNY Energy Institute
The City College of New York
[email protected]
CUNY Energy Institute
City College of New York
160 Convent Avenue, ST-329
New York, NY 10031
www.cuny.edu/energy
US Bulk Energy Flows: 80% Energy Fossil Fuel
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US Bulk Carbon Flow: Fossil Fuels Generate Almost 100%
Energy-Related Emissions
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Global Need for Affordable Energy: Growth in Demand
Concentrated in Non-OECD Countries
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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURES
GENERATION:
WIND
SOLAR
NUCLEAR
NATURAL GAS
ENERGY
STORAGE:
BATTERY
HYDRO
ELECTRIC
GRID:
POWER LINES
APPLICATIONS:
ELECTRIC CAR
APPLIANCES
INDUSTRY
A Potential Energy Strategy
(With a Reduced Carbon Footprint)
• Production side: new electricity generation
capacity with ‘clean’ coal, nuclear and
renewable sources (intermittent!)
• Demand side: more efficient energy and
capacity use via storage technologies for load
leveling/peak shaving and to enable use of
renewable sources
Energy Cost Estimates
Global GDP: $63,000,000,000,000
Energy Consumption: 517,000,000 TJ
Maximum $/E: $120/TJ = $0.44/kWh
Energy Costs at 10% of GDP (Usually Ideal)
US: $.043/kWh
Germany: $.068/kWh
India/China: $.018/kWh
These figures represent an desirable bound on the
acceptable cost of energy generation. Renewable energy
may be somewhat more expensive in special circumstances.
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EIA Estimates of Levelized Energy Costs by Resource Type
for New Generation in 2016:
Coal: $98.4/MWh
Natural Gas: $66.1/MWh
Advanced Nuclear:
$103.5/MWh
Wind: $97.0/MWh
Offshore Wind: $243/MWh
Solar PV: $210.7/MWh
Solar Thermal:
$311.8/MWh
Note: Assumes high
capacity factor for wind
(34%) and solar (18-25%)
resources
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Static US Transmission System Serves Existing Power
Plants, Most Built Up in the Northeast, Midwest
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Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid:
Solar Resources in South, West
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Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid:
Wind Resources Best on Coasts, in North, West
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Carbon Sequestration: Deep Saline Aquifers, Oil and Gas Fields,
and Coal Beds for Geological Storage of CO2
James R. Katzer, “The Future of Coal-Based Power Generation” Chem. Eng. Progress, 104 (3), pp.
S15-S22 (Mar. 2008). Copyright AIChE. Used with permission.
Battery review: what is a rechargeable battery ?
Electricity Storage Technologies
Demand Side Energy Storage & Management
Load Leveling, Peak Shaving, Enabling Renewables
Cost comparison per unit energy (2008)
Affordable Energy Storage Needed for Multiple Applications:
Emerging Grid-Scale Batteries Meet Cost Target of $100/kWh
GRID-SCALE BATTERY ADVANCES
•10,000 Deep Cycles Achieved
•Dendrite Management with Flow
•Safe Chemistry, Low-Cost Materials
•1.6 kWh Ni-Zn Operating (Pictured)
•Zn-Ni Batteries: $500/kWh, $.10/kWh Cycle with
5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD
•Zn-MnO2 Batteries: $100/kWh, $.02/kWh Cycle
with 5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD
BATTERY SCALE-UP TIMELINE
•50 kWh Battery & Turnkey 2011
•200kWh Battery Grid-Connected 2012
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Zinc Anode Rechargeable Batteries: Safe, Non-Flammable,
Low-Cost, Long Cycle Life Energy Storage Solutions
DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT
LOAD SHIFTING
to reduce urban transmission congestion
to shave demand peaks
Distributed installations of safe zinc anode
Our 1-10MWh zinc anode batteries charge during
50-200kWh batteries defer the need for substations
low demand periods to meet peak demand.
and peaking plants and reduce demand charges.
RENEWABLE FIRMING
FUEL SWITCHING
VEHICLE CHARGING
energy storage for distributed
wind & solar installations
to provide constant power
for remote infrastructure, e.g., cell towers
heavy hybrid trucks, buses,
and commercial vehicles
Zinc anode 50kWh battery units support expanded
use of distributed solar and wind power.
Our batteries provide an uninterruptible power supply
for critical equipment, like cell towers, reducing fuel
usage & operating costs for diesel generators.
Rechargeable zinc anode batteries are suited to
transportation: cheaper than lithium ion, quick
and easy to charge, with long operating lives.
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CONCLUSIONS
• oil use must be reduced for a sustainable future
• substitution of oil by electricity generated from
diverse sources is a viable alternative
• renewable sources are attractive but must be
reduced in cost
• requires developments of electricity storage
technologies to also be reduced in cost and of
increased reliability
• Development/deployment of new electrochemical
storage technologies both for mobile assets and
stationary assets is essential.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION & CO2PROD)/$GDP (PURCHASING
POWER PARITY)
BTU & (MT.E-3)/US $ (2000)
COUNTRY
1980
2004
USA
SWEDEN
ITALY
CHINA
INDIA
15.72/.92
13.63/.57
6.818/.41
23.54/1.9
4.341/.31
9.336/.55
9.356/.24
6.044/.35
9.080/.72
4.205/.30
Changes in energy supply in Sweden 1970 - 2004
Wind, heat pumps,…
Nuclear
Largest changes since
1970:
Hydroelectric
- Total increase by almost 50%
- Large reduction of oil
- Large increase of nuclear
- Large increase of bio
Biofuels
Coal
Oil
Intermittent Renewable Generation Requires Flexible, TwoWay Grid System
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Increased Generation from Renewables and Natural Gas
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Comparison of Flow batteries
Vanadium
Zinc Bromine
PSB
Cerium
Typical power range (MW)
<3
<1
< 15
n/a
Typical size range (MWh)
0.5 - 5
0.001 - 5
0 - 120
n/a
Energy density (Wh/l)
16 - 33
60 - 90
20 – 30
25 -40
Cycle efficiency
70 - 85
65 - 75
60 - 75
n/a
Cycle life (cycles)
> 12,000
> 2,000
n/a
n/a
Life time (years)
5 - 10
5 - 10
15
n/a
Stage of development
Demonstration/
commercial
Demonstration/
commercial
Demonstration
Demonstration
Companies involved
VRB, SEI,
Pinnacle,
Cellenium
ZBB, Premium
Power
TVA, VRB
Plurion
China and India Are Rapidly Building Out Regional Grids
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Game-Changing Technologies
Advanced Wind
Generation
Algal
Biofuels
Grid-Connected
Electricity Storage
Photovoltaic Organic
Compounds
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Next Generation
Nuclear Power
Graphene
Semiconductors