Transcript Slide 1
AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY Case Study AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY CASE STUDY Exposure treatment: One hour. The patient interacted with the cockroach in the container, and also with the cockroach outside the container. The patient killed four cockraches. AUGMENTED REALITY Treatment outcomes were maintained at one-month follow-up. Reports of high Reality judgment and Presence. AUGMENTED REALITY Case Series Study Participants: 10 patients so far (9 women and 1 man) Four with spider phobia Six with cockroach phobia Treatment: Adaptation of the one-session exposure program developed by Öst delivered with Augmented Reality. AUGMENTED REALITY Results: BAT (0-12) PATIENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BASELINE 5 6 6 7 5 0 0 5 0 5 PRE-TEST 5 6 6 7 5 0 0 5 0 5 POST-TEST 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 AUGMENTED REALITY Results: Self-report (0-126) PATIENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PRE-TEST 114 91 95 60 111 95 95 71 95 121 POST-TEST 19 68 40 35 86 45 48 34 39 43 AUGMENTED REALITY Preference: IN VIVO vs AR (0-7) PATIENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Willingness of getting involved in a treatment with AR exposure 7 4 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 Willingness of getting involved in a treatment with in vivo exposure 6 4 4 5 4 2 4 4 5 5 AUGMENTED REALITY Satisfaction (0-10) PATIENTS 1 2 3 Do you think the procedure is logic? 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Your level of satisfaction with the procedure 10 9 9 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 Would you recommended it to a friend? 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 Do you think it could be useful for treating other psychological problems? 10 9 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 Do you find the treatment aversive? 2 7 0 7 Do you think the treatment 10 7 has been useful in treating your problem? 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 5 7 1 7 9 10 7 7 7 9 10 10 10 10 AUGMENTED REALITY Conclusions AR: Efficacious in the treatment of specific phobia. Significant reduction in objective and subjective measures of fear and avoidance. Patients preferred AR rather than in vivo exposure. Patients were satisfied with the treatment. Controlled Studies: n > 8 Fear of Driving Author Berger Country Year # of Pts Tx Grps U.S. 1999 16 PC VR, Phobics, Non-Phobics Korea 1999 9 PC VR, WLC U.S. 2001 9 VR, In vivo Jang Korea 2002 11 Driving vs. Flying Walshe Ireland 2003 14 ECT, CBT, WLC Kim Wiederhold Types of VR equipment used clinically: Multiple Screens Regular Desktop Head Mounted Display Full Car Automobile Seat Driving Study: 9 participants (Wiederhold BK, Jang DP, Kim SI, Wiederhold MD, 2001) 12% Treatment Success Based on Framework Type 100% 80% 88% Specific Phobia PDA PTSD 60% Success 40% 20% 0% Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Fear of Driving Movie Clip Social Phobia Patient wearing a HMD while engaging in the virtual party Controlled Studies: n > 8 Social Phobia Author Country Year # of Pts Slater Lègeron Roy Klinger U.K. France France France 2003 2003 2003 2005 10 36 10 36 Tx Grps Neutral, demanding VR, CBT VR, CBT, WLC VR, CBT Social Phobia (Klinger, Bouchard et al., 2004) Liebowitz (total) Hamilton Anxiety 100 12 80 10 8 60 6 40 4 20 2 0 0 Pre Post in VR CBT 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 Post in VR Post in VR Rathus (assertiveness) Pre Pre CBT N = 36, 12 sessions. CBT in group. CBT SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) • Sample Population = 18 participants – 10 females and 8 males – Mean age: 30.5 ± 5.06 – On average, participants have been suffering from social phobia for 14.5 years – 9 participants were also displayed symptoms of major depression (all information based only on the VRT group) SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) • Measures – The Short Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) – The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) – The Rathus Assertiveness Schedule – The Zigmond and Snaith Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HAD) SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) • Protocol – for VRT only – Overview • 12 sessions of VRT • 45 minutes each • Exposed to virtual environments for either assessment or therapy • Virtual exposure lasts less than 20 minutes per session SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) • Protocol (cont’d) – Virtual environments included 4 situations that social phobic patients felt were the most threatening: • • • • Performance Intimacy Scrutiny Assertiveness SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) • Protocol (cont’d) – Session 1 • Therapist presents virtual world to patient • Patient familiarizes the virtual world and tools in a neutral environment – Session 2-9 • 2 sessions devoted to each of the 4 virtual environments – Assessment, expose patient to VR environment, 2 phases of “therapy” exposure to the environment SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) • Protocol (cont’d) – Session 10-12 • 3 sessions devoted to more focused and detailed work on one or two of the four environments that gave the patient the most trouble • 12th session = conclusion to therapy and introduction of a personal program to carry out beyond the therapy SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) SOCIAL PHOBIA (Klinger et al., 2005) • Conclusion: – Based on the LSAS, VRT would illustrate a better form of treatment over CBT – The differences between the two groups, however, are not significant – For VRT to be significantly better than CBT in terms of social phobia symptoms, experiment participants would have to be increased to 200-300 – Participants should be increased to a sample of 3,000 in order to find a significant difference in performance anxiety – In order to further confirm the efficacy of virtual reality for the treatment of social phobia, additional outcome studies could be conducted with the inclusion of a third control condition such as a placebo or a waiting list Social Phobia Movie Clip Internet-based Worlds SOCIAL PHOBIA Online Worlds to Help with Social Phobia www.there.com www.secondlife.com Human Avatars Animal Avatars Controlled Studies: n > 8 Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia Author Country Year # of Pts North U.S. 1998 30 Kim Korea 1999 9 Botella Spain 2002 10 Wiederhold U.S. 2002 9 Botella Spain 2003 36 Tx Grps PC VR, WLC PC VR, WLC PC VR, In vivo Non-phobics in PDA environ. VRE, In vivo, WLC Multi-center Controlled Study Riva Wiederhold Bouchard Kim Italy U.S. Canada Korea 2002 2002 2002 2002 45 45 45 45 PC VR, In vivo, WLC PC VR, In vivo, WLC PC VR, In vivo, WLC PC VR, In vivo, WLC Agoraphobia: 12 participants (Vincelli, Anolli, Bouchard, Wiederhold, Zurloni, & Riva, 2003) Patient Treatment VR-CBT CBT WLC Design VR-CBT 8 sessions CBT 12 sessions Results VR-CBT produced same or better results using 33% fewer sessions than CBT Measures Beck Depression Inventory State Trait Anxiety Inventory Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire Fear Questionnaire Agoraphobia: 12 participants (Vincelli, Anolli, Bouchard, Wiederhold, Zurloni, & Riva, 2003) Fear Questionnaire Panic attack frequency 60 1.5 50 40 1 30 0.5 20 10 0 Pre Rx 0 Post Rx CBT-VR Pre Rx CBT Post Rx CBT-VR BDI-II 25 20 15 10 5 0 Pre Rx Post Rx CBT-VR CBT CBT “The Mall” “The Room”