Transcript Race Relations 1840-1860

Race Relations 1840-1860
• Race relations deteriorated from 1840
• Maori had to adjust to forceful
newcomers
• Differing understanding emerged in
time
• Maori-Euro contact increased, trade
flourished, some inter-marriage
• Nth Is. interior still Maori domain
• Inter-hapu rivalries still strong
Race Relations 1840-1860
• After 1840, NZ went from Maori
dominated outpost-to Euro minded
settler colony
• Pakeha dominated because:
Numbers increased over the years
• Pakeha’s acquired more land
(increased power & authority)
• Imposed ‘substantive sovereignty’,
as opposed to pre-treaty times
where Maori rule was respected
Race Relations 1840-1860
• Development of Race Relations
1840
• Pressures were: Maori expectations
• The Treaty vs. Te Tiriti
• Large Pakeha settlements near
Maori
• Settler attitudes were mostly poor
• Issue of authority and sovereignty
• War & Conflict (inter-hapu)
• Land issues (who owned what? who
is selling?)
• Colonial Law & British Govt
(inconsistent)
Race Relations: Article One vs
Article Two
• English authority based on Article
One, whereas Chiefs believed local
autonomy was granted (Article Two)
• Non-signers believed they were
exempt, but NZ was annexed.
• Pakeha settlers advised the country
was theirs
• Settlers demanded land from Col.
Govt
• Settlers ignorant of Treaty
• Pakeha takeover was OK. Historical
colonial practice was norm
• Treaty in Maori thinking. Euro paid
only lip service
Land
• Land was central issue between
Maori & Pakeha
• Inconsistent approach (treaty had
short reach)
• Maori eager to sell land to bring
Euro in to trade
• Europeans still based in small parts
of the country. British law only
effective there
• Govt. insisted on pre-emption (first
right) Maori land on-sold to settlers
for $$$
Land
• Govt. decided land pre-treaty land
sales re-examined All illegal land
transactions to Govt. Maori lost
‘surplus;’ land from illegal sales.
• Land sales as a commodity, new to
Maori (Maori: custodians, life-long
relationship)
• Settlers believed unoccupied land
was ‘waste-land’. Demanded it from
Govt.
• Pakeha squatters on Maori land (the
women were attractive to euro)
Settlers & Maori
• 20, 000 Euros. in 10 years
• NZ company settlements required
close Maori ties to survive
• Maori and Pakeha both need land for
cultivation
• Pakeha hungry for land to feed
pastoralism industry
• Pakeha soon outnumbered Maori
(1850’s), began to dominate
• Settlers; culturally unaware &
individualists (little interest in Te
Reo)
• Maori were savage and inferior
• New Zealand was for settlers
Ideal vs. Reality
• Maori hoped:
• they could trade more, increase mana,
profit, enhance peace and free Maori
from the undesirable Pakeha’s
• The reality was:
• Economic decline (Kororareka)
• Loss of land
• Weakened authority
• ‘Divide & Buy’: crown policy to end
collective land tenure…end to hapu
• Maori only had land in the new
economy, and it was slowly being
taken
Trouble in Paradise?
• Commissioner Spain. Assessed land
claims for NZC & Maori
• Maketu murder case 1841
• The Wairau Incident 17 June 1843
NZ Company settlers vs. Te
Rauparaha and co. Settling of Ngati
Toa land. Many dead
• First major land issue. Te Rauparaha
deemed not guilty. NZC angry at
Govt. and Maori over issue
• Leading to more pro-Pakeha Govt.
once Fitzroy was deposed
Trouble in Paradise?
• Hone Heke 1844 cuts down flag pole at
Kororareka four times. A political
statement at the loss of trade in the
area and only one flag flying
• Leads Fitzroy and Williams to defend
Treaty
• War broke out Heke, Kawhiti vs. Govt.
1000 men sent from N.S.W to crush the
rebellion
• Korarareka sacked and burnt. Tamati
Waka Nene defeats Heke. George Grey
swings to power on the back of the
crisis. Peace negotiated with Heke
• British use of force key. Heke a threat
George Grey
• Fitzroy's replacement 1845
• Able man, student of anthropology.
fluent Te Reo speaker, knowledgeable
in the ways of Maori-passionate-fair
• Liked by Maori. Sound native policy
• Wanted to assimilate Maori into Euro
culture (as per global view)
• Many provisions for Maori (school,
gifts to chiefs, magistrates to teach
law, hospitals, loans for flour mills)
• A political exponent to gain more
resources from Britain
• Forced land sales in Wellie area.
Conflict with Ngati Toa & Ngati Tama
• The man who jailed Te Rauparaha
George Grey & Settler Govt.
• Grey re-examining of land
issues led to conflict with Ngati
Toa as Settler began to grow.
Made example of T.R
• 1850-53 Organised large
purchase of Maori land. 30 mill
acres in SI; 3 mil in NI (NZ 63
mill in total.)
• SI purchases questionable
(Wairau Block & Canterbury)
• Exploited inter-tribal rivalries
for effective buying conditions
(Ngati Toa vs Ngai Tahu)
Kingitana Movement
• Concerns over Euro settlement led to
concerns over Maori issues. Maori unity
was discussed
• Maori believed they were second class
citizens
• Te Wherowhero, Waikato chief had
sufficient mana to unite some tribes
under his leadership. (King Poutatu 1)
• He determined Kingitana territory and
dividing line, neither party to cross.
• Maori nationalist movement to hold onto
land and distance themselves from
Pakeha
• Pakeha saw it as a direct attack on
Article One & Queen
• Problems: Waikato based & rival tribes
did not join. King was novel to Maori
The Treaty 1840-1900
• Grey plans invasion of Waikato.
Claiming the Kingite movement was
responsible for Oakura ambush in
Taranaki war & Kingites planning to
attack Auck
• Europeans exercising euro-centric beliefs
of superiority & dominance
• Maori refusal of land was seen to
challenge this
• War in Waikato was British chance to
assert authority the was lost in Taranaki
• British attack Rangiriri 20 Nov 1863.
many Euros killed
• Paterangi & Rangiaowhia sacked by
British
• Battle at Orakau Mar-April 1864
The Treaty 1840-1900
• New Gov in 1855. Thomas Gore Browne.
• Dispute in Waitara 1860 over hapu
ownership. Te Teira & Wiremu King.
Land communally owned, but sold
anyway
• Gore Browne exploits tribal divisions
and takes land
• War erupts. Troops in. Maori put up
strong fight, helped by Waikato Maori.
British outclassed at times
• Cease fire 1861. Wiremu Tamihana, a
Kingite Chief intervenes. Browne
sacked, Grey back in
• George Grey works for peace, although
did force his dominance. Maori refuse to
sell land
Waikato Wars
• Maori escape. Grey decides to attack
Bay of Plenty Maori who supplied
Waikato Maori
• Maori destroyed British forces at Gate
Pa 230 to 1700 armed troops. Maori
escape
• Peace is sought. War is still being fought
on the East Coast & Taranaki area
• Grey would not tolerate a rival authority
and the King movement threatened this
• Worked against his assimilation policy
the separatism and nationalism of Maori
Pakeha Peace
• Govt. seized 3.5 mill acres of land (NZ
Settlements Act) for farming as
punishment for rebellion
• King Country borders still obeyed, and
relationships are tense
• Post-war, new legislation strips Maori of
more rights and land;
Pakeha Peace
• NZ Loan Act 1863; authorised the
Govt to borrow 3 million to
suppress the rebellion
• Native Lands Act 1865; divide &
buy courts set up to wrangle land
of Maori…made land dealing
strictly European in procedure
• Maori Representation Act 1867;
Maori men given vote, but only
four MP’s…under-represented
• Native Schools Act 1867; Maori
schools to be paid by Maori as well
as land for school, taught by
Pakeha; Pakeha curriculum
Maori?
• Population decline ‘soften the
pillow…’ Maori marginalized
• Extinct??
• Loss of Land & legislation
crippled Maori nation
• Maori Mystics-New Testament &
Mythical amalgam to cope with
Pakeha culture
• Te Kooti the prophet; lost tribes of
Israel; Canaanites) , Te Whiti
(Parihaka)
• Separate development, isolated
from Pakeha as a way of coping
Maori?
• Kotahitanga (unity) Movement