Part 1

Summary of Influences

• Pakeha attitudes of superiority • Marked difference between societies and cultures • Based on economics: exchange, trade and exploitation • Maori choices about interaction and relationship with Pakeha were important • Increasing European presence after 1830s

Basic Race Relations

• Two Views • 1. Eurocentric: Europeans considered other races inferior, • 2. Balanced: Modern view that mutual understanding may be limited, hence mutual influence and learning from each other.

First Culture Contact

• James Cook 1769-1777 – barter and exchange • Both tried force at times but that worked against trade • Early visits were irregular • Which led to competition amongst Maori for European goods.

Regular contact

• Early Pakeha escaped convicts and runaway sailors • Sudney entrepreneurs and traders • More frequent after 1800 – whalers & sealers & timber • Maori visited Sydney after 1805 • Missionaries and trade after 1814

Intentions

• Maori willing to adopt and adapt • Maori attitudes depended on intentions of vistors • Direct interaction on ships or going overseas – sudden change • Indirect interaction by Maori or Maori Pakeha which led to more controlled change and easier to cope with.

Trade

• Maori Food, women, labour, artifacts, knowledge, NZ travel, protection,timber, flax, land.

• Europeans Metal, muskets, boats, overseas travel, new crops, clothing, alcohol, tobaccao,literacy, religion

Choice and Negotiation

• Interaction and change involved Choice and Negotiation • Maori:- because of strength and self-confidence in their culture • European:- assumptions of superiority and profit motive

Dominance : 1800-1840

• European visitors and Pakeha assumed dominance of their own culture • In practice Maori dominant up until 1840s - outnumbered Pakeha until 1850s • Desire for dominance led to conflict • Desire for trade controlled agression on both sides

Types of Conflict

• Maori travellers often ill-treated on ships - saw British culture • Early European travellers and sojourners - Sealers - whalers - traders - Pakeha Maori - Maori women/wives

Mana

• Europeans seen as good for mana - derived from presence of Europeans - Maori control over Europeans Access to Europeans’ trade goods

Muskets

• 1810 Maori scrambled for muskets from Europeans • Musket wars spread in 1820s-30s • Caused Maori migration to avoid attack • Greater destruction than traditional weapons • Musket did not respect rank • Traditional weapons still used dense bush and hand-to-hand fighting

Hongi Hika

• Nga Puhi • Defeat of Nga Puhi by Ngati Whaua in 1810 gave Hongi Hika desire for utu • Sought European contact from 1814 • First major leader to use muskets • Used slaves to cultivate potatos to trade for muskets • 1820 traded gifts from England for muskets in Sydney • 1821-23 led many campaigns until death in 1828

Te Rauparaha

• Ngati Toa and Ngati Raukawa Decent • Outstanding leader of his people • Threatened by Waikato tribes in late 18 th early 19 th C • Ventured from Hauraki Gulf to Taranaki and Cook Strait.

• By 1819 was using muskets • In 1820 under pressure from Waikato, left migration to Taranaki and then Kapiti.

Te Rauparaha cont’d

• Set up base in Kapiti • Used slavs to build flax plantations and traded with Europeans for muskets • Abt. 1827 began series of raids on South Island to gain Pounamu • 1830s consolidated hold on central North Island, southern North Island and northern South Island

New Balance of Power

• Eventually all tribes had muskets • By 1830s new balance of tribal power based on muskets rather than traditional weapons • Conflict continued through 1830s but • Destruction less than during 1820s

References

• Based on Graham Langton, (2005) Pre 1840 Maori/Pakeha Relations in

Year 13 – New Zealand in the 19 th Century

. Auckland: ESA Publications. pp.43-54