Transcript 幻灯片 1 - 三门峡职业技术学院

• UNIT SEVEN
• AUTOMOBILE AND HOUSING
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• SECTION A
• LISTENING AND SPEAKING
• TOPIC: Suggestion And Persuading
• Part One SPEAKING
• New words and expressions
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campus // n. (大学或学院的) 校园
picnic // n.
野餐
admit / v.
承认
apologize // v. 道歉
• Leading in
• I. Do you know what kinds of words or
sentences you can use when you give
suggestions or persuade somebody?
• Suggestions
• Why not move back to the campus?
• What about going to the theater for a change
tonight?
• Shall we eat out tonight?
• How about a cup of coffee?
• I recommend the reference book.
• I suggest that…
• I advice that…
• Persuading
• You’d better take sick leave.
• But Bob isn’t the kind of guy that deserved
your heartache.
• You should apologize to your sister.
• Language Sample
• II. Dialogue model about suggestion and
persuasion，listen to the tape and then repeat
it twice.
• A: Hello, Paul. What will you do this weekend?
• B: Nothing important. Do you have good
suggestions?
• A: What about going for a picnic?
• B: But the weather will not be fine on weekend..
• A: What’s in your mind?
• B: Why not go to a theater for a change?
• A: Sounds good!
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A: What’s wrong? Susan, you look so depressed.
B: I quarreled with my sister just now.
A: But for what? Your sister is always very kind..
B: I broke her favorite glass, but I didn’t admit. So
she is very angry.
A: I see. Don’t worry. You should apologize to your
sister.
B: I will.
Speaking improvement
III. Activities in pairs or groups：
Task 1. Act out the dialogue above , roleplaying.
Task 2. Retell the dialogue above
Task 3. Create a new dialogue according to the
one above,
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PART TWO L ISTENING
New words and expressions
murder // v.& n. 谋杀
Dakota // n.
达科他（美国一地）
doorman // n .
看门的人
autograph // n. 亲笔签名
imitate
// vt.
模仿
the Beatles //
披头士乐队
hang around
逗留
• I. Listen to the following groups of words,
then make your choice.
• 1. A. cup B. cut
C. cat
D. hat
• 2. A. bread B. break C. beer
D. bear
• 3. A. here B. hair
C. her
D . hey
• 4. A. treat B. tend
C. tense
D.
threaten
• 5. A. copy B. cost
C. happy D. coast
• 6. A. expect B. except C. expert D.
exception
• II. Listen to the following sentences twice, fill in
the missing words.
• 1. Business cards are less ___________ in
American Culture than they are in Asian Culture.
• 2. But knowing the right way to ___________
business cards is a useful skill wherever you are.
• 3. Requesting someone’s business card is a
straight-forward ___________.
• 4. It’s not ___________ to directly refuse a request
from someone for your business card.
• 5. When you do ___________ a card, say“Thank
you”and examine it briefly before putting it away.
• III. Listen to the conversation twice and
decide whether the following statements
are true (T) or false (F).
• ( ) 1. Mary had a toothache, so she looked
pale.
• ( ) 2. Mary have seen a doctor.
• ( ) 3. Her friend advised her to do exercise.
• ( ) 4. Mary don’t like jogging and swimming.
• ( ) 5. Perhaps Mary will do exercise in the
future.
• IV. Listen to the following passage twice,
choose the best answer to each of the
following questions.
• 1.A. In Dakota
B. In New York City
• C. In Hawaii
D . At home
• 2. A. The doorman
B. A 25-year-old
student
• C. One of the Beatles D. A fan of the
Beatles and John Lennon
• 3. A. He had shot John by accident.
• B. He was a fan of the Beatles.
• C. He knew what he was doing.
• D. He wanted to have John Lennon’s
autograph.
• 4. A. The young man was John Lennon
himself.
• B. The young man didn’t know he was John
Lennon.
• C. The young man was not feeling well.
• D. The young man hated Lennon.
• 听说文本及答案
• I. 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. B
• II. 1. important 2. handle 3. process 4.
polite 5. receive
• III. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
• IV. 1. B 2.D 3. A 4. D
• Section B
• Readings
• Part One Intensive Reading
• Topic Future Cars
• Cars are familiar to us as they are our vehicle
which can carry us to any place we want to
go at any time convenient to us. And as we all
know, cars have been developed very rapidly
in recent years. With such rapid development,
let’s guess, what would the future car be like?
What comfort would it bring to us?
• Still busy with the toast and marmalade, the
motorists of the 21st century is already
prepared for the day’s drive. From the
breakfast table a remote control device has
opened the garage door, unlocked the car
and set the air-conditioning: a split-level
system, giving cool air to the face and warmth
to the feet, with pre-chosen temperatures.
• Our driver lives in Hastings and has a
business call in Northampton. There is no
need to look closely at a battered old road
atlas to work out a route. A video disc is on
hand to slot into the fascia provide step-bystep instructions, either on a screen, or by
voice, or both. Arguments about whether we
should have turned left at the traffic lights
when we went right will be no more.
• The disc stores enough information to offer a choice
of routes and to print out maps, of regions, or towns
or individual streets. During the journey the car
radio will be automatically interrupted with the
latest news of traffic hazards – fog, roadworks,
accidents. If necessary, the disc can be called upon
to suggest another way round.
• The car’s fascia will be simpler than it is now, but
capable of yielding more complex information.
Before setting off, a button is pushed to give a
visual check list of the health of the components –
brakes, lights, tyres, batteries.
• Speed limits will surely still be with us in the
next century. The old-fashioned speedo will
have given way to a head-up display
reflected at the foot of the windscreen: no
need to take one’s eyes off the road. We shall
all be used to digits by then and instead of the
analogue, a single figure will tell us whether it
is time to slow down.
• It is raining hard on the way to Northampton
but the windscreen stays clear without the aid
of wipers. The glass used for the screens of
today has been replaced by water-repellent
plastic. The rear screen will not have wipers
for the same reason. All the windows will
incorporate tiny heating elements that
automatically activate when the temperature
falls below a certain level, so that visibility is
not impaired by frost or ice.
• Much more startling to 1985 eyes is the
absence of a steering wheel. Steering is no
longer mechanical but electronic, requiring
only a hand controller situated between the
front seats. This will also have button to
operate the accelerator and brakes. Gone,
too, is the clutch: there are no gears to
change.
• The console-mounted controller overcomes the
problems of driving on the other side of the road
when the car goes abroad. The driver simply shifts
over into the passenger seat. The fascia displays
are clipped to a continuous rail and can be moved
as required.
• The eagle-eyed will spot that there are no outside
door mirrors. In the cause of good aerodynamics
(of which more in a moment) they have been
eliminated and instead the car is equipped with a
small video camera which gives the driver a
complete picture of what is happening on the road
behind. Door handles have also gone: doors are
opened by remote control, perhaps contained in the
driver’s credit card.
• Going round London on the M25 (surely it will be finished by
then?) our driver suddenly remembers an urgent telephone
call. Does he pull off at the next junction and find a phone
box? Of course not: a push of a button and a voice asks for
the number, the driver speaks it and the computer does the
rest. No coins, no handset: the change is debited
automatically to the driver’s account.
• Brakes will be radar-assisted, automatically slowing the car
down when it is getting too close to the vehicle in front and
removing a basic cause of that late 20th-century horror, the
motorway pile-up. Collisions of a less serious kind – backing
into another car while parking, clipping the edge of a narrow
gateway – can be averted by sensors which warn the driver
when he is about to make contact.
• 参考译文：21世纪的驾车者，尽管早晨还在忙
着吃烤面包加果酱，但已经准备好驾车出发了。
在餐桌旁，驾车者就已经用一个遥控器打开了
车库门，打开车锁并打开空调；空调是一个错
层系统，通过预先选定的温度，可以让脸感受
凉风而让脚感受暖风。
• 我们的驾车者住在黑斯廷斯，在北安普敦有一
个商业会议。 驾车过程中，司机没有必要仔细
查看破旧的地图册以确定路线，旁边就有一个
嵌在汽车仪表盘上的录像盘，它能提供逐步指
令，或显示在屏幕上，或通过声音，或声像并
用。关于我们应该在交通灯出左转的争论将不
复存在。
• 录像盘储存了足够的信息可供司机选择路线，打印地
区或城镇地图，甚至每条街道的地图。行程中，汽车
广播会自动插入最新的交通危险新闻――雾，道路施
工，交通事故。如果必要，；录像盘还会被要求建议
另一条路线。
• 汽车的仪表盘将壁现在的更简单，但却能够提供更负
责的信息。汽车出发前，按下一个按钮，就可以视频
检测各个零部件――刹车，车灯，电车――的安全性。
• 下个世纪，速度限制仍然存在。过时的速率计将会被
挡风玻璃底部反射的平视显示器所代替：再没有必要
将视线从道路上移开。到那时，我们都将习惯于数字，
不是一串数字，而只是一个数字就能告诉我们是否该
减速了。
• 去北安普敦的路上下着瓢泼大雨，但挡风玻璃没有玻
璃清洁器的自动清洁依旧干净。因为今天用的那种玻
璃将被防水塑料所取代。同样，汽车后部的玻璃也被
替换了。而且，所有的车窗都讲包含微小的热元素，
当车内温度降到一定水平，它们就会被自动激活，以
保证汽车的能见度不会因霜雪儿降低。
• 更让生活在1985年的人们吃惊的是，汽车将不再有
方向盘。方向确定不再是机械操作而是电子操作，仅
仅需要一个位于前车座之间的手动控制器。刹车和油
门也是通过按钮来控制的。离合器也不存在了：这样
也就没有排挡需要变换了。
• 装有控制板的控制器解决了国外开车要走马路另一边
的问题。司机指需要换坐到副驾驶的位置就可以了。
仪表盘显示被扣在一个连续横杆上，可根据需要自由
移动。
• 观察敏锐的人还会注意到没有外车镜了。为了空气阻
力更小（有时会更小），外车镜被摘除，相反地，车
内安装了一个小的摄像机，以便司机完全看到后面路
上的情况。车把手已被去掉了：车门开关由遥控器控
制，遥控器可能被安装在司机的信用卡上。
• 驾驶着M25（到那时可能已经完成制作了），我们的
司机突然想起要回复一个紧急电话。他需要在下一个
交叉口停车找一个电话亭打电话吗？当然不用：按一
下按钮，一个声音询问电话号码，司机告诉它之后，
余下的事情就有计算机来处理了。没有硬币，没有听
筒，费用自动记入司机的账户上。
• 刹车将是雷达辅助式的，当汽车与前面车辆的距离太
近，它会自动减慢汽车速度，从而排除20世纪末多车
相撞事故的基本诱因。轻微的汽车相撞――比如停车
时倒车撞到别的车，夹到狭窄的入口处――都可以通
过传感器避免，因为快接触时传感器会自动向司机提
出警告。
• Language Points
• 1. on hand: present and easily available 在手边
• e.g. The cash on hand is adequate for current
needs.手边的现金足够现在需要了。
• The emergency police is on hand in case of trouble.
现在就有现成的应急政策以备出现问题。
• 2. call upon: also call on; if we say “call on sb.”, its
meaning is visit sb. This phrase has another
meaning: 号召,要求
• e.g. She usually calls upon her parents on
weekends.她通常周末探望她的父母。
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The policemen called upon the thief to tell the
truth.警察要求窃贼说实话。
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They will call upon us to help in case of
emergency.有紧急情况他们会找我们帮忙的。
• 3. give way to: be replaced with让位于,让步
• e.g. With the social development, the out-dated stuff has given way to
those new updated things. 随着社会的发展，那些过时的东西已经被新鲜
事物所取代。
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We mustn’t give way to these impudent demands.我们对这些蛮横的要
求不能让步。
• 4. be used to: 习惯于
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In this phrase “to” is a preposition, followed by nouns or noun phrases
or gerunds; pay attention to that it is different from the phrase “used to”;
“used” in the latter is as an auxiliary(助动词) to express habitual or
accustomed actions, states, etc, taking place in the past but not
continuing into the present with the Chinese meaning 过去经常…… and
“to” in it is followed by verbs.
• e.g. Living in that country, she had to get used to using a knife and fork.
在那个国家生活她必须学会用刀叉吃饭。
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I have been used to those noises. 我已经习惯那些噪音了。
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* He used to use a lot of flowers of speech in his writing.过去他在写作
中爱用华丽的词藻。
• 5. in the cause of: 为了……
• e.g. I will labor in the cause of humanity.我要为人
类而尽力
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They were fighting in the cause of justice. 他们
正为正义而战。
• 6. equip: vt.装备, 配备, usually used as equip sb.
with sth. or sb. be equipped with sth.
• e.g. to equip the army with better weapons为军队
配备更好的武器装备
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All future expressways will be equipped with
emergency telephones.日后建成的所有快速公路，
均会装设意外求助电话。
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Is the camera equipped with a self-timer? 这台照
相机装有自动计时器吗？
• I. Reading Comprehension
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Circle the best answer according to the passage.
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. D
• II. Match the following words in Column A
with the Chinese meaning in Column B.
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1. g 2. e 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. f
• III. Use the following given words and phrases
to produce sentences in the way as is shown in
the model.
• 1. a. We have new books on hand
• b. A dictionary is on hand to be used to look up the word.
• 2. a. I can bear the pain no more
• b. Those good memories has been no more since he left
his hometown.
• 3. a. Tom is used to doing morning exercises.
• b. The dog has been used to staying around her.
• 4. a. Today we shall have fish instead of meat
• b. I will go instead of you.
• 5. a. The soldiers are equipped with uniforms and
weapons before the war.
• b. This lab is equipped with advanced instruments
for further experiments.
• IV. Vocabulary and structure
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1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B
10. C
• V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below.
Change the form where necessary.
• 1. interrupted 2. fashion 3. horror 4.
continuous 5. split
• 6. yielded 7. visible 8. assist 9. absence
remote
10.
• VI. Translate the following sentences into
Chinese.
• (omitted)
• VII. Translate the following sentences into
English, using the words in the brackets.
• 1. Being faced with the grave situation, everyone is prepared for the
worst.
• 2. Having missed the last bus, we had to setting off walking.
• 3. Father called upon him to keep his promises.
• 4. In some areas, the old hand-made methods have given way to the
advanced science and technology.
• VIII. Summarize the main idea of the text.
• This passage mainly shows the new feature of the future cars, which will
be improved in many ways, such as the multi-functional video disc, the
windscreen and the rear screen made of water-repellent plastic, no
steering wheel, no door mirror, and no door handles. In short, the future
car will provide more convenience, comfort and protection for the
motorists.
• Part Two Extensive Reading
• Topic:High Land Price, High Housing
Price
• 1 The fast growing real estate sector has become
one of the driving forces of China economy in
2001. The real estate market has benefited from a
series of policies adopted by the government to
stimulate the domestic demand and encourage
investment.
2 China is expected to increase 5.5 to 6 billion
square meters' of housing floor space, or 70 million
sets of houses in the coming ten years, said Yang
Shen, chairman of China Real Estates Association.
3 Statistics from Ministry of Construction show that
from 1980 to 2000, China's real estate industry had
kept a rapid growth momentum with newly-built
houses in rural and urban areas to have reached
20.3 billion square meters, an increase of two
folds as compared with the past 30 years.
• 4 According to the statistics from the National
Development and Reform Commission and the
National Statistics Bureau of China, the average
housing price in 70 big and medium-sized cities
increased by 5.6% in the first quarter of 2007.
Shenzhen ranked No.1, with its housing price
increasing by 12.6%, while Beijing ranked No.3
with a 9% growth.
5 The price of newly built commercial houses in
big and medium-sized cities has also kept rising,
even in Shenzhen and Beijing, where strong
regulations to suppress housing price hikes are
being exercised. Secondhand houses have
become more and more expensive, too. For
example, the average price of secondhand houses
in Dali, Yunnan Province has increased by 10%.
• 6 Quite a large number of property agents
believe that the rising land prices should be
blamed for the housing price hike. Statistics
also show that the average land price in the
70 cities has increased by 9.8% in the last 4
months.
7 "Housing price hike might make an
overheating stock market in China, and
that's what we must be aware of," said an
expert.
• http://www.wtokj.com/ce/view_51434.html
• 参考译文:
• 高地价，高房价
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房地产行业的快速增长成为2001年中国经济的驱动力.政府采取的一系
列政策有利于房地产市场的发展,也促进了内需和投资的增长。
中国房地产协会主席杨申说,中国有望在未来10年内增加55亿到60亿平
方米的住房面积或者7千万套住宅。
建设部数据显示,1980至2000年,中国房地产业的发展保持强劲增长趋势,
城乡新建住房达到203亿平米，增长速度为30年来的两倍。
依据国家发改委和国家统计局的数据，70个大中型城市2007年第一季度
的房价增长了5.6％，深圳以12.6%的增长率位居第一位，北京以9％的增
长率位居第三。
尽管为了抑制房价高涨政府采取了强劲措施。但是在一些大中型城市，即
便在深圳和北京，新建商品房的价格仍保持上涨的趋势，二手房也越来越
贵。例如，云南大理二手房的价格已经增长了10％。
许多房产中介认为土地价格的上涨导致房价的升高。数据表明70个城市的
平均土地价格前四个月增长了9.8％。
专家说：“房价的飞涨导致中国股市过热，这是我们必须警惕的。”
• I. Decide whether the following statements are
true (T) or false (F).
• 1. In 2001, the real estate sector in China does
good to the economy.
• 2. China is expected to increase 5.5 to 6 million
square meters' of housing floor space in 2001.
• 3. China’s real estate industry from 1980 to 2000
develops a lot, but not as fast as the past 30 years.
• 4. The first four months in 2007 sees the average
housing price in Beijing increased 9%, ranked No.
1.
• 5. The increase in housing price surely leads to an
overheating stock market in China.
• II. Fill in the preposition according to the
sentences.
• 1. Many real estate companies benefit ________
the increase in housing price recently.
• According _______ the text, in 2001, real estate
sector is the driving force of Chinese
economy.
• Compared _____ the past, the housing price in
China keep rising in recent years.
• The housing price in this area has increased
_______ 20% in the last three months.
• We should be aware _______ the overheating of
real estate industry.
• III. Summarize the main idea of the whole
passage.
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Part Two
Key to Extensive Reading
Ⅰ.T F F F F
Ⅱ.1. from 2. to 3. with 4. by 5. of
III. Summarize the main idea of the whole passage.
From 1980 to 2000, China’s real estate industry had
developed rapidly both in rural and urban areas which
has reached an increase of two folds comparing with the
past 30 years. In 2007, the housing price kept rising and
increased by 5.6%. Although government has taken
some measures to suppress housing price, commercial
house price and secondhand house price becomes
more and more expensive. Some property agents think
that rising land price hike leads to the housing price hike.
Expert thinks that we must be alert of housing price hike
may make an overheating stock market in China.
• Section C
• Grammar, Writing, Translation and
Reading Skills
• Part One Grammar
• The usage of it（‘it’ 的用法)
• it可以用作人称代词，它还可以指时间、天气、距离、上下文
等，另外，it还可以作先行词，作形式主语和形式宾语。
• （1）作为人称代词，it可以用来指东西、动物、婴儿和未确
定身份的人。
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Where’s my book？ Have you seen it？
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The dog is in the garden， isn’t it？
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The baby cried because it is hungry.
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（The doorbell is ringing.）Who’s it？ It’s me.
• （2）it可以指上下文内容
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The Olympic Games has been held in Beijing in 2008. It
makes the Chinese proud.
• （3）it表示时间、天气、距离等。
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What time is it now？ It’s half past nine.
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It is cold.
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It’s about ten kilometers from the park to the museum.
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• （4）it用作形式主语或形式宾语
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It’s very important for us to learn English well.
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I found it hard to fly a kite.
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（5）用于强调句，对句中某个成分表示强调。
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It was I that(who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
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It was Li Ming that (whom) I met at the railway station yesterday.
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（6） it 后接 that 从句或 as if 从句。
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it 成为 seem, appear, happen, occur, follow 等动词的主语，构成特
定的惯用句型，当译成汉语时，多可省略。
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It seems that he will pass the exam.
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It looks as if it is going to rain.
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另：从中文立场看，好些无主语的句子，在译成英文时，需要it协助。
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1.是这样！（That's it!）
• 2.没办法。（It can't be helped.）
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3.轮到我了。（It is my turn.）
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4.事实上，我们可以打败他们。（As it is, we can beat them.）
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5.只要一块钱。（It is only one dollar.）
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Answer of Section C
Part One Grammar
Task 1 Multiple Choice
1-10 D D B C B D A A C D
Task 2 Multiple Choice
1-10 D D D D D C C C D D
• Part Two Practical writing
• Resume (简历)
• 简历是一个人的工作经历、教育和兴趣爱好的总结。简历其实是一种广
告，为了使雇主安排自己参加面试，与求职信不同，简历应该写得整洁、
具体、准确。
•
1. 格式可以多样化。甚至可以以图表的形式出现。但总的原则是简洁明
了．一目了然。
•
2. 简历可以因个人情况不同而有差异，但大致应该包括以下几个方面的
内容。
• ①个人资料(Personal Information)。包括简历人的姓名、性别、详细地址、
邮编、电子邮件地址甚至国籍等。
• ②受教育情况(Educational Background )列出就读的每所学校的名称和地
址，学习的起止年月，尤其要突出与目前求职的工作紧密相关的课程。
• ③个人经历(Working Experience)列出所有曾从事的工作，包括专职和兼
职工作，乃至假期临时性的工作。从事每项工作的时间、雇主、职衔以
及职责都应一一按顺序陈列清楚。
•
④附件(References)，包括权威人士的证明信，或推荐信，或者说明附
件备索。
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Sample
Resume
Name：John Smith
Present Address：506 High Street Los Angeles，California
U．S．A．
Tel No:101—818—4575911
Fax No: 010—818—4575912
Date of Birth: April 9th，1964
Place of Birth: New York
Nationality: American
Marital Status:Married , 1 daughter
Education: 1978~1982：Lincoln High Sch001，Los Angeles
1982~1986：Law School，University of California
Foreign Language：I had been studying French for four years at
college．Now I have
excellent reading ability．
Work Experience：1986~1988，Teaching Assistant，University of
California
1988~present，Lecturer，University of California
Job Objective： a lawyer
Reasons：I have been longing to work as a lawyer，because the work
is not only interesting but also provides me with more chances to
improve my ability．Besides，the salary is very attractive.
• Task 1 Translate the above Sample into Chinese.
• Task 2 Write a resume according to the following
information.
•
个人基本简历
• 姓名： 杨勇 国籍：中国
• 目前所在地： 广州 民族： 汉族
• 户口所在地：汕头 婚姻状况：未婚 年龄：23 岁
• 应聘职位： 物流类:运输管理、调度 行政/人事类
• 个人工作经历：联通广州分公司(2006年04月～2006年06月)
•
职位名称：调查专员 公司描述：中国联通有限公
司是经国务院批准成立的国有大型通信企业,目前国内唯一一
家综合电信公司。
•
离职原因：短期的兼职工作。
• 教育背景： 毕业院校： 礼杨职业技术学院
• 最高学历： 大专 毕业于2008-07-01
• 所学专业： 物流管理
• 语言能力 外语： 英语 良好
• Part Two Practical Writing
• Task 1 Translate the above Sample into Chinese.
•
•
姓名：约翰·史密斯
国籍：美国
•
目前所在地址：美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市高街506号
•
电话：101-818-4575911
传真：010-8184575912
•
出生日期：1964年4月9号
出生地点：纽约
•
已婚，生有一女。1978~1982年在洛杉矶Lincoln High
School学习，1982~1986年在加州大学的法学院学习。上大
学期间始终学习法语，具有很好的阅读能力，且擅长笔译，
并能流利地交谈。从1986-1988年在加利福尼亚大学任助教，
1988年至今在该大学任讲师。希望寻求一份律师工作，原因
是本人一直渴望作律师，因为这工作不仅有趣，而且有助于
提高工作能力，薪金也很诱人。
• Task 2 Write a resume according to the following information.
•
Resume
• Name: Yang Yong Nationality: China
• Present Location: Guangzhou nation: Han
• Account Location: Shantou build
• Marital status: single Age: 23-year-old
•
Work Experience:
•
Unicom Guangzhou Branch (April 2006 to June 2006)
•
Causes of separation: This is a short-term part-time,
•
Educational Background:
• Graduate institutions: Panyu Vocational and Technical College
•
The highest academic qualifications: college graduates - 200807-01
•
Language ability:
• Foreign Language: English good
• Part Three Translation
•
Instruction(说明书)
• 说明书在英语中可以表达为direction, instruction, instruction
book,等等.说明书会使用叙述性的文字对某种物品,器材进行
说明.其说明的内容主要有功能,功用,注意事项等.说明书用词
简略,说明书中常见省略句,缩略语等.在翻译理解说明书时,除
了要有一定的英语基础外,还要有一定的专业知识.通常在一般
性的说明书中,尤其是在电器的说明书中,主要包括以下四个方
面,一, 名称及型号.二,注意事项.三,产品特性.四,告诫事项.
•
翻译说明书时要注意用语要平实,切忌华丽词藻,因为本身说
明书这种特殊问题的特性就是告诉使用者如何正确使用.
•
• Task 1 Translate the following instruction into
Chinese, paying attention to the translation skills.
•
Containing sweet almond and milk essence,
the special moisturizing and whitening essences
make skin hydrated and fair smooth as silk.
• Whitens and lightens skin—the sweet almond
whitening essence is rich in Vitamin B and
natural almond protein, which help to diminish
yellowness, moisturize and whiten dull coarse
skin, resulting in rosy fair skin with radiance.
• 参考翻译：本品蕴含牛奶和甜杏仁乳液,其独
特的水润美白萃取精华,令肌肤如凝乳般细滑
白皙,水润亮泽.
• 白皙亮泽肌肤--甜杏仁美白乳液精华,蕴含丰
富B族维生素和天然杏仁蛋白,能深层祛除黄气,
润泽美白粗糙暗哑的肌肤,令肌肤红润白皙,有
光泽.
• Part Four Reading skills
• Scanning (查读)
• 同跳读一样，查读(scanning)也是一种快速阅
读技巧。查读是一种从大量的资料中检索有
用信息的阅读方法。查读是种目的性非常明
确的阅读。因此查读时，我们可以明确目标，
只关注所要寻找的信息，而对其他的无关部
分略去不读。在A、B级考试中，阅读理解部
分的Task3需要使用的便是这种阅读方式。
• 例：
•
•
Over a million people visit Hawaii(夏威夷) each year because of its beautiful weather
and wonderful scenery. The Hawaiian islands have very mild temperature. For example,
August, the hottest month, averages 78.4F, while February, the coldest month, averages
71.9F. In addition, the rainfall in Hawaii is not very heavy because mountains on the
north of each island stop incoming storms; for instance, Honolulu averages only 23
inches of rain per year. This beautiful weather helps tourists to enjoy Hawaii’s
wonderful natural scenery, from mountain waterfalls to fields of flowers and fruits. And
Hawaii’s beautiful beaches are everywhere—from the lovely Kona coast beaches on the
large island of Hawaii to Waikiki beach on Oahu. Warm sunshine and beautiful
beaches—it is not surprising that so many people visit Hawaii each year. Are you going
to join us? Don’t miss the chance!
•
The average temperature: ranging from ____ to 78.4F
•
Attractions for tourists:_______ and beautiful beaches
•
析：第一题问的是Hawaii(夏威夷)的平均气温，所以我们在阅读中只要查找表示
气温的数字即可。而第二题问的是吸引游客的两大要素：温暖的阳光和迷人的沙
滩。同理，运用查读方式即可快速找到答案。
• Task
• Please fill in the blanks with the information
given above with no more than three words.
• Thanks for using Metro(地铁)
• Clean. Modern. Safe. And easy to use. No
wonder Metro is considered the nation’s
finest transit system. This guide tells how to
use Metro, and the color-coded map on the
inside will help you use Metro to get all
around the Nation’s Capital.
• Metro-rail fares
• * Each passenger needs a fare-card. (Up to two
children under 5 may travel free with a paying
customer.)
• * Fares are based on when and how far you ride.
Pay regular fares on weekdays 5:30-9:30 a.m. and
3:00-7:00 p.m. Pay reduced fares at all other times.
• * Large maps in each station show fares and travel
times. Please ask the station manager if you have
any questions.
• * Fare-card machines are in every station. Bring
small banknotes because there are no change
machines in the stations and fare-card machines
only provide up to $5 in change(in coins).
• Some machines accept credit cards(信用卡).
• Key to the reading strategies
• 查读(scanning)
• 1 clean 2 easy to use 3 reduced fares
each station 5 $5
4
• UNIT 8
•
• POLUTION AND ENVIRENMENT
• PROTECTING
• SECTION A
• LISTENING AND SPEAKING
• TOPIC Apology and Forgiveness
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Part One SPEAKING
New words and expressions
sincere // adj.
真挚的; 真诚的
grateful // adj. 感恩/激/的, 致谢的
apology // n. 道歉, 认错, 谢罪
forgiveness // n. 原谅，宽恕
ran into
偶然遇到
make up
补足，补偿
• Leading in
• I. Do you know what kinds of words or sentences you
can use when making apologies and expressing
forgiveness? (Students offer. The teacher writes on the
blackboard.)
• Apology
• Excuse me.
• I'm so sorry. /I'm awfully sorry.
• I’m terribly sorry about that.
• I apologize. /My apologies.
• Please forgive me.
• Please accept my sincere apology.
• I can't tell you how sorry I am.
• You cannot believe how sorry I am.
• I just don't know what to say.
• I really feel bad about it.
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Forgiveness
That's all right.
It’s okay.
No harm done.
No problem. Never mind.
It's not your fault.
It really doesn't matter at all.
Don't worry about it.
Think no more of it.
Don't give it another thought.
• II. Language Sample
• A:I am sory to be late for our tutorial. I ran into an old friend
in the street.
• B: Oh, that’s all right. I’m very grateful that you have taken
time to help me with my English.
• A: Perhaps we can make up the time tomorrow. Are you
free tomorrow morning at eight o’clock?
• B: Oh, I’m sorry but I have another appointment tomorrow at
eight o’clock. Are you free at four o’clock?
• A: Yes, I can come at four o’clock.
• B: Thank you. I’ll see you at four tomorrow then.
• III. Speaking improvement
• Task 1. Act out the dialogue above and role-play it.
• Task 2. Retell the the dialogue above.
• Task 3. Create a new dialogue according to the one
above.
Answer of Unit Eight
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•
•
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Part One Grammar
Task 1 Multiple Choice
1-10 A D D B B D C C C A
Task 2 Multiple Choice
• 1-10 D A C D B
DACCA
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PART TWO LISTENING
New words and expressions
confuse // vt. 使混乱， 混淆; 弄错
dislike // vt. 讨厌, 不喜欢
pet // n.
供玩赏的动物, 爱畜, 宠物
airport // n.
航空站, 航空港, 机场
raise // v.
饲养; 养育; 栽培
take place
发生
I. Listen to a statement, then make your choice.
1. A. To go out.
B. To stay at home.
C. To prepare supper.
D. To eat at home.
2. A. Tea.
C. Something cold.
3. A. One baby.
C. None.
B. Coffee.
D. Both.
B. Three women.
D. Four people.
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4. A. He is angry.
B. He is thinking.
C. He is confused.
D. He is angry.
5. A. He prefer the person not to open the window.
B. He doesn’t like fresh air.
C. He would like the person to open the window.
D. He dislikes the person.
II. Listen to Conversation one, then get the correct
choice.
1. A. It’s Mary’s baby.
B. It’s Mary’s pet.
C. It’s Gorge’s pet.
D. It’s James’ pet.
2.A. At the airport in Beijing.
B. At the office.
C. At home.
D. At the post office.
• III. Listen to Conversation two, then get the
correct choice.
• 1. A. Home.
B. Park.
• C. Bus station.
D. Work,
• 2. A.It’s too cold.
• B. It’s raining.
• C. It isn’t interesting.
• D. The park is too far.
• 3. A. Late in the morning.
• B. In the late afternoon.
• C. Early in the morning.
• D. In the evening.
• IV. Listen to a passage, answer the following 5 questions.
Complete the answer to the question with a word or a short
phrase (in not more than 3 words). The questions and
incomplete answers are printed already.
• 1. Why have great changes taken place in family life?
• Great changes have taken place in family life because of
science and _____.
• 2. What was the situation in the past?
• In the past, when more Americans lived on farms, the ______
family had many children.
• 3. When did families become smaller?
• When industry became more important than _____ in American
life, families became smaller.
• 4. What will people do in the future?
• A small number of families may take child ____ as their chief
work.
• 5. Why do people raise others’ children?
• They raise other people's children, leaving those families free to
____ from job to job.
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Keys
1.a.c.c.d.a
2. b.a
3. b.c.a
4. Keys to the questions:
1) industry 2) typical
3) agriculture
4) raising 5) move
• 1. Listen to a statement, then make your choice.
• (A) 1) —— Would you rather eat at home or go out tonight?
•
—— I’d rather go out, but I don’t mind preparing supper at
home if you’d rather not go..
• Question: what does the woman want to do?
• (C) 2) -----Would you like some hot coffee or tea?
• ---- I do like them both, but I’d rather have something cold.
•
Question: What does the man want to drink?
• (C) 3) ——There is an accident!
• —— And three women and a baby are in the car! Luckily they
weren’t hurt.
• Question: How many people were injured in the car accident?
• (D) 4) ——Is Paul angry?
• ——I don’t think so. If he were, he’d tell us.
• Question: What does the first speaker think of Paul?
• (A) 5) —— Would you mind if I opened the window to let in some
fresh air?
•
—— You know, I caught a cold yesterday.
• Question: What do you think about the man?
• 2. Listen to Conversation one, then get the correct
choice.
• A：Well, George, thank you for seeing me off. Be good to
my Fidel and don’t forget to take him out for a while every
day.
• B: And give him a bath every four days. Oh, Mary, don’t
worry! I’ll take good care of him.
• A: Thanks a lot.
• B: Now, have a pleasant journey to Beijing. And try to get
some sleep during the flight. I’ve called James in Beijing
and he’ll meet you there at the airport.
• A: Certainly. Goodbye!
• B: Goodbye!
• Questions:
• (B) 1. What can we learn about Fidel?
• (A) 2. Where will James meet Maey?
• III. Listen to Conversation two, then get the correct
choice.
• A:Hello, Mary. Why are you standing here in the cold wind?
• B: I’m waiting for a bus, but the buses are very full at this
time of the day.
• A: Where are you going? This isn’t your way home. You
must take a bus from the other side of the street to go.
• B: I’m not going home now. I’m going for a walk in the park.
I always like to go for a walk before lunch.
• A: Then why aren’t you going there on foot? Why are you
going by bus? Why not walk from here to the park? It isn’t
very far.
• B: Oh, no, Bill. It isn’t very interesting to walk through the
streets. In fact, it’s very boring. So I always take bus No.3.
• Questions:
• (B) 1. Where is Mary going?
• (C) 2. Why doesn’t Mary like walking through the streets?
• (A) 3. When did the conversation most likely take place?
• IV. Listen to a passage, answer the following 5 questions.
Complete the answer to the question with a word or a short
phrase (in not more than 3 words). The questions and
incomplete answers are printed already.
• Great changes have taken place in family life because of science
and industry. In the past, when more Americans lived on farms,
the typical family had many children. In a farm family, parents and
their children often lived with grandparents. Often too, uncles and
aunts lived nearby. But when industry became more important
than agriculture in American life, families became smaller. In the
future, families will be even smaller. The typical family may
remain childless and consists of only a man and a woman. A
small number of families may take child raising as their chief
work. They raise other people's children, leaving those families
free to move from job to job.
• Questions:
• Question 1: Why have great changes taken place in family life?
• Question 2: What was the situation in the past?
• Question 3: When did families become smaller?
• Question 4: What will people do in the future?
• Question 5: Why do people raise others’ children?
• Section B
• Readings
• Part One Intensive Reading
• Topic Reforest the Earth
• Reforest the Earth
• Warming up
• The environmental issue is always one of our
human big concerns, of which the protection
of the forests is significantly important. Why
do we say so? You can imagine what it would
be like if there were no trees on the earth;
and by relating to the present situation you
will find out why it is so important for us to
plant more trees.
• Throughout the drought-ridden summer of 1988, the world
heard much about how the burning of fossil fuels causes
the greenhouse effect (the rapid warming of the earth’s
atmosphere). We heard little about how the burning of the
tropical rain forests also contributes to the green house
effect. And still less do we hear about how reforestation of
these tropics could help heal an ailing world.
• The earth constantly maintains 700 billion metric tons of
carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Fossil fuels emit
another 5.2 billion metric tons of CO2 in the air each year,
while the burning of tropical forests emits roughly 1.8 billion
metric tons of CO2 – both contributing to a buildup of carbon
dioxide that will soon trigger the greenhouse effect. The
CO2 gases trap the heat of the sun in the same way the
glass of a greenhouse controls temperature for plants. If the
gases become too concentrated, too much heat will collect,
resulting in rising temperature.
• Of all the carbon dioxide emitted into the
atmosphere, only about half accumulates in the
skies while the rest disappears into oceans and
lakes, vegetation and soil. So out of the 5.2 billion
metric tons of CO2 emitted from the burning fossil
fuels and the 1.8 billion metric tons released from
the burning of rain forests each year, only 3.5 billion
metric tons contributes to global warming.
• In 1980, 36 000 square miles of forest were burned
in the tropics. In 1987, 33 000 square miles of rain
forest were burned in Brazilian Amazonia alone.
By the year 2020 the figure for tropical-forest
emissions of CO2 could climb to another 5 billion
metric tons. As a result, the CO2 released into the
atmosphere each year would rise to approximately
10.2 billion metric tons.
• Replanting trees in the tropics could eventually
offer a solution to the greenhouse effect. A tree
absorbs carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
Plant enough trees (as many as 250 billion) and we
could remove much of the additional CO2 building
up in the atmosphere. Nowhere in the world are
conditions better for growing trees than in the
tropics, where year-round warmth and moisture
encourage rapid growth. To start a grand-scale treegrowing project in the tropics, however, would
require as many as 20 governments in Latin
America, Africa, and Asia to stop the rapid
destruction of rain forests.
• How may trees would we need to reforest the
earth and stabilize the damage produced by
global warming? One acre of a tropical
plantation can absorb an annual average of
four metric tons of atmospheric carbon. In
order to soak up 1 billion metric tons of CO2,
we would have to plant 400 000 square miles
of new tropical forests. To eliminate the
buildup of 3.5 billion metric tons would require
planting trees on 1.2 million square miles, an
expanse roughly equivalent to all states east
of the Mississippi.
• Where can we find enough space to replant what
isn’t being otherwise utilized? In the humid tropics
forests have been cut down in watershed regions
where replanting is urgently needed to spot topsoil
from eroding and to prevent flooding. Last year
flooding devastated regions in Bangladesh, India,
the Sudan, and Thailand. In lowland Southeast
Asia deforested lands have degenerated into poorquality scrub and brush or coarse grasslands,
good for little apart from reforestation. In addition,
tropical countries urgently need to increase forest
cover to adequately expand their fuelwood and
commercial timber supplies.
• At an average cost of $160 per acre, reforesting the
tropics would cost $120 billion. This may seem like
a high figure, but the global community would be
spared much higher greenhouse costs. According to
the Environmental Protection Agency, a rise in
sea level (just through heating of the ocean surface)
would threaten the developed coastal regions of
the eastern United States. To protect these shorelines, seawalls and tidal dams would have to be
built at a cost of $110 billion. To improve dams and
irrigation systems in the United States could cost
an additional $23 billion. In comparison, the
Department of Agriculture currently spends $200
million a year on flood-prevention programs. Further
costs related to sea level rise and disrupted
agriculture in other parts of the world (lush, fertile
cropland may turn into desert) would surely turn out
to be similarly great.
• The consequences of the greenhouse effect
will be far-reaching and possibly even
devastation. If the projections of experts
come to pass in the next 50 years, the earth’s
temperatures will rise between 3º and 9ºF (in
polar regions the temperatures may rise as
much as 20ºF). After a look at the
consequences we face as a result of the
greenhouse effect, reforesting the earth
doesn’t seem as unusual as it might have at
first. In fact, a program to plant billions of
trees throughout the tropics now seems like a
very sensible action.
• Reforesting the earth is not the definitive
solution to the warming trend of the
greenhouse effect. It is only one way to bring
the rising levels of carbon in the atmosphere
under control. A worldwide campaign to
reforest the earth, however, will improve the
quality of our lives, stabilize rising
temperatures, and buy time until we find
additional solutions to the greenhouse effect.
• 参考译文：
• 1988年，整个干旱的夏天，全世界听到很多关于化
石燃料的燃烧如何引发温室效应（地球大气的迅速升
温）。关于热带雨林的燃烧如何促成温室效应我们却
听到的很少。关于这些热带地区的再造林如何有助于
使这个境况不佳的世界恢复原样，我们听到的更少。
• 地球连续不断的能将7千亿公吨的二氧化碳存在大气
中。化石燃料每年释放另外52亿公吨的二氧化碳，而
热带森林的燃烧释放大约18亿公吨的二氧化碳――这
两样都促成了大气中二氧化碳的堆积从而很快会引发
温室效应。二氧化碳气体会聚集太阳的热量，就像温
室的玻璃控制植物的温度那样。如果气体太密集，大
量热量就会被收集，就会导致温度上升。
• 在释放到大气中的所有的二氧化碳中，只有大约一半的量堆积
在空中，而其它的都消失在海洋、湖泊、植被以及土壤中了。
因此，在那每年由化石燃料释放的52亿公吨和雨林燃烧释放
的18亿公吨的二氧化碳中，只有35亿公吨促成了全球变暖。
• 1980年，热带地区36 000平方英里的森林被烧掉。1987年，
巴西亚马逊河流域地区，33 000平方英里的雨林被烧掉。到
2020年，热带雨林二氧化碳的释放量可能攀升到50亿公吨。
结果，每年释放到大气中的二氧化碳的量将上升到102亿公吨。
• 在热带地区再植树最终将可能提供一个解决温室效应的办法。
树可以通过光合作用吸收二氧化碳。种植足够多的树（多达
2500亿棵），我们就有可能消除掉大量的大气中堆积的多余
的二氧化碳。世界上再没有其他地方的条件会比热带地区的条
件更适宜种植树木了，在那里成年的热度和湿度有助于树木的
快速生长。然而，要在热带地区开始大规模的植树工程，这要
求包括拉丁美洲，非洲和亚洲的多达20个政府停止对雨林的
快速毁坏。
• 我们需要种植多少树木来使全球变暖造成的损害不再
恶化？一英亩的热带种植园每年可以吸收4公吨的二
氧化碳。要吸收10亿公吨的二氧化碳，我们得中400
000平方英里的热带森林。要消除35亿公吨的二氧化
碳，需要种植1 200 000平方英里的树木，这个面积
相当于密西西比河东面的所有州加起来。
• 我们在哪里能找到足够的空间来重新种植树木，以利
用起来那些未被利用的。在潮湿的热带地区，集水区
的森林已经被砍伐了，那里急需重新种植树木，以便
阻止上土层受侵蚀，阻止发洪水。去年，洪水破坏了
孟加拉国、印度，苏丹和泰国等地。在东南亚低地，
被砍伐树木的土地已经恶化成了贫瘠的灌木丛或者是
粗糙的草地，除了再造林没有任何用处。而且，热带
地区的国家急需扩大森林覆盖面积，从而提高它们的
燃料木材和商用原木的供应量。
• 按每英亩平均花费160美元来算，热带地区再造林将花费1200
亿美元。这看起来不是个小数目，但是全球加起来，要比不进
行再造林而加重温室效应的花费低得多。根据美国环境保护局，
海平面的上升（仅仅通过加热海洋表面）将会威胁到美国东部
的发达沿海地区。为了保护这些地区，要花费1100亿美元筑
造海堤和防潮坝。改善大坝和灌溉系统要另外花费230亿美元。
相比较而言，美国农业部目前一年在防洪工程上花了2000亿。
世界其它地方相关费用也肯定同样多。
• 温室效应的后果将是深远的，可能更糟糕。如果专家关于今后
50年的预测实现的话，地球的温度将上升3－9度（极地地区
温度将上升20度）。看过温室效应造成的后果，再造林似乎
并不像一开始那样看起来不同寻常了。事实上，在整个热带地
区种植上亿的树木这个工程现在看来是一个明智的举动。
• 对地球进行再造林并不是温室效应最终的解决办法。它只是使
大气中二氧化碳的含量得到控制的办法之一。然而，全球范围
的再造林运动将会提高我们的生活质量，使温度不再上升，并
且能为我们找到其它解决办法争取时间。
• Language Points
• 1. concern: anxiety or worry; something that affects or is of importance to
a person; affair; business 关心, 忧虑；关心的事；业务或公司
•
•
e.g. What is their concern? 他们担心的到底是什么呢？
* The identity of the shareholders in a large concern may be changing
daily. 大公司股东的身份可能天天都在换。
• 2. contribute: to give (support, money, etc) for a common purpose or fund;
•
to be partly instrumental(有作用的) (in) or responsible (for)
•
This word is usually followed by the preposition “to” and become the
phrase “contribute to”. Keep in mind one point that the phrase is followed
by both positive and negative things.
•
e.g. He offered to contribute to the Red Cross. 他主动提出向红十字会捐
款。
• Drink contributed to the accident.喝酒促成/导致了事故的发生。
• Other issues contribute to this mismatch.其他问题也影响这种不匹配。
• 3. trigger: vt. to give rise (to); set off; to fire or set in motion
by or as by pulling a trigger(扳机)触发, 发射, 引起
• e.g. Careless political action can trigger off a war.不慎重的
政治行动能引发一场战争。
•
Price increases trigger off demands for wage increases.物
件上涨引起了增加工资的要求。
• 4. trap: vt. to catch, take, or pen in (关起来) as if in a trap (陷
阱) 诱捕, 困住
• e.g. Hoe many rabbits have you trapped this week? 这星期
你捕了多少兔子？
• 5. equivalent: adj. equal or interchangeable in value,
quantity, significance, etc相当的, 相等的
• This word usually collocates with the preposition “to”, that
is, equivalent to, meaning 相当于
• e.g. Silence is sometimes equivalent to agreement.沉默有
时等于同意。
•
DM 210 is equivalent to RMB 400.210德国马克折合人民
币400元。
• 6. come to pass: happen
• e.g. Strange things come to pass in troubled times.
乱世出怪事。
•
I doubt if his promises will ever come to pass.我
怀疑他的那些许诺是否会兑现。
• 7. bring … under control: 使……得以控制
• e.g. The firemen have brought the fire under
control.消防员已将火势控制住了。
•
It took the teacher months to bring his class
under control.教师花了几个月的时间才把自己的班级
整顿好。
• * Here “under control” can be used to collocate with
some other verbs, such as be.
• e.g. Everything is under control.一切都在掌控之中。
• Exercises
• I. Reading Comprehension
• Circle the best answer according to the passage.
•
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. C
• II. Match the following words in Column A with the Chinese
meaning in Column B.
•
1. b 2. f 3. e 4. g 5. d 6. c 7. a
• III. Use the following given words and phrases to produce
sentences in the way as is shown in the model.
• 1. a. Time heals slowly sorrows.
•
b. Because of advanced medical equipment, Jerry will be healed
quickly.
• 2. a. The area of my land is approximately half an acre.
•
b. The warm-hearted businessman contributed approximately 100
thousand yuan to the Red Cross.
• 3. a. He went to the concert; in addition, he enjoyed it.
•
b. What Tom has done benefited the public and in addition earned him
respect.
• 4. a. The professor required his pupils to eliminate the slang
words from the essay.
• b. Mother asked little Jimmy to eliminated the wastes in his
drawer.
• 5. a. Kate spent half an hour in doing her homework; in
comparison, it took Ted one and a half hour to do his.
• b. She is kind-hearted; in comparison, her sister is a little
cold.
• IV. Vocabulary and structure
• 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B
• V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
• 1. coarse 2. soaked 3. destruction 4. eliminate 5.
approximately
• 6. damage 7. urgent 8. released 9. threatened 10.
average
• VI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
• (omitted)
• VII. Translate the following sentences into English, using the
words in the brackets.
• 1. Drink contributed to his bad health.
• 2. In French there is no such a word whose meaning is
equivalent to that of the English word “home”.
• 3. He had to cut down expenses to maintain the normal
operation of his company.
• 4. By taking effective measures Tom has brought the
situation under control.
• VIII. Summarize the main idea of the text.
• This passage, through talking about the emission of CO2
from various aspects resulting in the greenhouse effect,
clearly points out the great importance of reforesting the
earth at present. At the same time, it also states that
although the total costs of reforestation are very high the
costs of not reforesting are even higher by illustrating many
figures.
• Part Two Extensive Reading
• Small Particles and Health
• 1 Researchers have completed a major study on the
health effects of air pollution common in many large
American cities. The study shows that air pollution
increases the risk of death from lung cancer and other
diseases. They say people living in heavily polluted
areas have a sixteen percent higher risk of dying of
lung cancer than people in less polluted areas. They
say the risk is similar to that of someone living with a
person who smokes cigarettes.
• 2 The latest study involved five-hundred-thousand
people in more than one-hundred American cities. The
researchers examined their health records from
Nineteen-Eighty-Two through Nineteen-Ninety-Eight.
They also gathered information about air pollution in
the cities where the people lived.
• 3 Researchers say the higher lung cancer risk is
linked to pollution caused by small particles of
soot from coal-burning power centers, factories
and motor vehicles. Power centers built before
Nineteen-Eighty produce about half the nation’s
electricity. However, they also produce most of the
power industry’s dangerous pollutants. These
include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and soot.
Air pollution levels have decreased during the past
twenty years because of better enforcement of
clean air laws. Yet levels of small particle pollution
in major cities are at or above pollution limits set by
the Environmental Protection Agency.
• 4 The E-P-A set new pollution limits in NineteenNinety-Seven after studies showed a link between
small particle pollution and lung cancer. However,
power companies have taken legal action against the
agency to delay the restrictions. Environmental
groups have long suggested that pollution from power
centers has led to a sharp increase in deaths from lung
diseases. They have urged action to either close the
factories or force them to put in anti-pollution
equipment. The American Lung Association says the
latest findings show the urgent need to clean up aging
power factories. Experts who have spent years
examining the links between pollution and sicknesses
generally support the latest study. The Environmental
Protection Agency says it will consider the research as
part of its continuing study of air quality rules on small
particle pollution.
• This VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT
was written by Cynthia Kirk.
• 参考译文:
• 小颗粒污染物与健康
• 研究人员完成了一项针对美国许多大城市普遍存在
的空气污染方面的研究，调查空气污染对于人类健
康的影响。研究表明，空气污染增加了肺癌和其他
疾病死亡率的风险。他们认为，重度污染地区的居
民比轻度污染的地区的居民死于肺癌的可能性高16
％。这种危害等同于同吸烟的人同住一室。
• 此次研究涉及了100个美国城市的50万居民。研究人
员查阅了他们从1982年至1998年的健康记录，同时
也搜集了居住的城市中空气污染方面的情况。
• 研究人员发现患肺癌的高风险同从燃煤的电力中心、工厂和
机动车辆排放的小颗粒烟尘污染相关。1980年前的电力中心
承担了全国一半的发电量。然而，他们也排放出电力行业主
要污染物，包括二氧化硫、一氧化氮以及烟尘。近20年，由
于加强了《清洁空气法》的实施，空气污染已经减轻。然
而，一些主要城市空气中的小颗粒物污染达到甚至超过环境
保护局制定的污染限制要求。
• 在环境保护局发现了小污染颗粒和肺病之间的关系后,他们于
1997年制定了新的防治污染措施。然而,电力公司采取了法律
行动推迟措施的实施。环保团体认为电力中心的污染导致肺
癌死亡率的迅速增长，他们呼吁采取一些行动，例如关闭工
厂或强制其配置防污染的设备。美国肺脏协会声称这次研究
结果表明需要立刻清理老化的电力工厂。多年从事研究空气
污染与疾病之间关系的专家也支持这一结果。此次研究结果
只是环境保护局开展有关小颗粒污染物研究的一部分，他们
将继续这方面的研究，并制定相关的空气质量准则。
• Section C
• Grammar, Writing, Translation and
Reading Skills
• Part One
• Inversion (倒装)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
英语中的倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种。
一：全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be,
come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的
动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是
人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes.
Away they went.
3） 句子主语太长，为了保持句子平衡，需要全部倒装。
Gone are the days when we had to use the candles to bring light.
• 二：部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主
语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加
助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom,
little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
•
Never have I seen such a performance.
•
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
•
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the
room.
• 注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
•
2） so, neither, nor作部分倒装， 表示"也"、"也不" 的句
子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
•
• 3）only在句首，并且引导句中的状语时，句子需要部分倒装。
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
•
Only after being asked three times did he come to the
meeting.
•
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。
•
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
•
4) as, though 引导的倒装句。 as / though引导的让步从句必须
将表语或状语提 前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
•
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work
satisfactorily.
•
5）so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。（也叫修辞倒
装）
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
6）在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
•
May you all be happy.
7) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，
可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
• Key to Grammar
• Part Two Practical Writing
• Letter of Apology (道歉信)
•
•
•
•
•
因过失或疏忽做错了事，给别人带来了麻烦或损失，发觉
后要立即写信给对方赔礼道歉，这是一种礼貌。道歉信要写得
坦率，诚恳。
道歉信的格式主要包括：
１.称谓。
２.正文：诚恳说明造成对方不快的原因；表示歉意，请
予以理解、见谅。
３. 署名
• Sample
• Dear Frank，
•
I am terribly sorry to tell you that I have lost the valuable
book you were so kind to lend me last week. I read it
everyday and intended to finish it next month. Last night
when I came to my room, it was nowhere to be found. I will
try to recover it as soon as possible. If I fail to find it, I will
get a new book for you.
•
But I am afraid it can never take the place of the old one.
Old books are like old friends. Once lost, they can never be
replaced. They are connected with cherished associations
which the new ones can never have. And for this
irrecoverable loss, I am to blame. I was so careless with my
things. This is a warning to me to be more careful in the
future.
•
Yours truly
•
Tom
• Task 1 Translate the above Sample into
Chinese.
• Task 2 Write a letter of apology according to the
following information.
• 亲爱的戴维：
•
请原谅我收到您12月7日的来信后迟迟未复，现将
原因告诉您，相信您一定会谅解的。您的来信到来
时，我正巧在香港，家人无法及时转递。你的信一
直放在我写字台上，直到我回到才看见，拖至今天
才回信，深表歉意。
• 这次出去旅行饱览了许多美丽景色，下次见到您
时，将告诉您一切。
•
亨利
• Key to Part Two Practical Writing
• Task 1 Translate the above Sample into Chinese.
• 亲爱的弗兰克：
•
很抱歉，上星期您借给我的那本书竟遗失了。
我每天都在看，准备下个月看完。昨晚我回到我
的卧室，到处也找不到那本书。我将尽力找到它。
万一找不到，我只好买一本新的还您。
•
但是，新书恐怕不能代替那本旧书吧！旧书
跟旧友一样，一旦失去就不能再得。旧书与往事
相连，这种不可弥补的损失，皆由我起。我对待
一切太大意了，这次给我一个警告，叫我以后要
小心。
•
汤姆
• Task 2 Write a letter of apology according to the
following information.
• Dear David，
•
I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent
in not having answered your letter dated 7, December
sooner, but when I have told you the reason, I trust you will
be convinced that the neglect was excusable. When your
letter arrived, I was just in Hong Kong. As my family could
not forward it to me during my absence, it has been,
therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when I took it
up. Now the first thing I have to hasten to do is to write to
you these few lines to express my deep regret.
•
I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. I shall be
pleased to give you an account to of them when I see you
next.
Yours,
Henry
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Part Three Translation
• Terms In Translation (术语的翻译)
科技作品和科技文献中存在着大量的专业术语,在翻译专业术语时,
首先要注意大家公认或有关部门公布的统一译法,其次必要的专业知
识也会使专业术语翻译时更加得心应手,同时,还务必要遵循专业术语
翻译的基本原则, 修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言简洁、文理通顺.
Task 1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese,
paying attention to the translation skills.
1. Technical problems were of greatest importance in the case
studies where there were weak links between relatively developed
grids.
2. If power sector reform proceeds, then access to transmission
network and transmission pricing could become constraints to
trade.
3. Where pooling arrangements are set in place, appropriate
management structures are required and voting rules should
ensure a high degree of consensus on the operation of the pool.
4. Incentives for cost minimization are increased, and costs
become more transparent.
• Key to Part Three Translation
• Task 1. Translate the following sentences into
Chinese, paying attention to the translation
skills.
• 1. 在两个相对发达的电网之间存在着薄弱的连接时，
技术问题在案例研究中最具重要性。
• 2. 若进行电力改革，就将成为贸易的制约条件。
• 3. 在已签定电力市场协议的地方，需要适当的管理
机构，并且选举制度应能确保电力市场运转的高度一
致。
• 4. 增加了对成本的极小化的刺激，成本更具透明度。
• Part Four Reading skills
• Comprehending by Guessing the Words Unknown
• (通过构词法来猜测词义)
• 学习构词法的基本知识，学会使用前缀、词根、后缀，
也可以帮助我们快速有效地猜测出生词的意义。比如，
在下面的句子中: We carried tens and groundsheets
and sleeping-bags and everything else one needs in
the interior of an unmapped and inhospitable
country.根据构词法，我们可找出核心词map（v.标在
地图上）。生词unmapped中，un-前缀表否定，-ed
后缀表被动，故unmapped意为：在地图上未做标注
的。再如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.
句中，生词insecticide的前半部分是大家熟悉的“昆
虫”insect,后缀-cide表示“杀”，所以insecticide的
意思是“杀虫剂”。