Transcript SVG502 LAND ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOMATICS
SVG101 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOMATICS
Lecture Notes
1
MODULE OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
INTRODUCTION
SPATIAL DATA CAPTURE
DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING
DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY
CONTROL
DATA OUTPUT
DATA DELIVERY
FUTURE OF GEOMATICS
EXCURSION TO SURVEYING AND
MAPPING ORGANISATION
2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
3
1.1 DEFINITIONS
What is Geomatics?
Derived from two words:
Geo- Matics
Geo- earth
Matics – mathematical
There are many definitions of Geomatics:
4
Cont’d
• It has been said that geomatics is many
things to many people, but it is generally
accepted as the science and technology of
acquiring and managing information about
our world and its environment. The name
geomatics emerged several years ago in
Canada. The term represents the rapidly
changing and expanding world of land
information management
5
Cont’d
Definitions of Geomatics on the Web:
• The science and technology of gathering,
analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using
geographical information.
www.its.umn.edu/education/modules/gps/glossa
ry.html
• Geomatics is the discipline of gathering, storing,
processing, and delivering of geographic
information, or spatially referenced information.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics
6
Cont’d
• The mathematics of the earth; the science of the
collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, especially
instrumental data, relating to the earth's surface. (Oxford
English Dictionary)
Geomatics Engineering is a modern discipline, which
integrates acquisition, modelling, analysis, and
management of spatially referenced data, i.e. data
identified according to their locations. Based on the
scientific framework of geodesy, it uses terrestrial,
marine, airborne, and satellite-based sensors to acquire
spatial and other data. It includes the process of
transforming spatially referenced data from different
sources into common information systems with welldefined accuracy characteristics.
7
Cont’d
• Geomatics is the science and technology
of gathering, analyzing, interpreting,
distributing and using geographic
information. Geomatics encompasses a
broad range of disciplines that can be
brought together to create a detailed but
understandable picture of the physical
world and our place in it.
8
Cont’d
• Geomatics is both an applied science and
a professional discipline and it refers to the
integrated approach of measurement,
analysis, management and display of
spatial data. (UCT)
• Geomatics is the science and technology
of land surveying, mapping and spatial
data handling (usually geographical data
about the earth). (UNC)
9
Cont’d
• Geomatics is a scientific discipline which
deals with the measurement, storage,
manipulation, analysis and presentation of
geo-spatial data.
10
1.2 Overview of Geomatics
Geomatics process involves the following:
DATA CAPTURE
DATA PROCESSING
DATA OUTPUT
VERIFICATION
11
1.3 DISCPLINES IN GEOMATICS
Geomatics encompasses a broad range of
disciplines that can be brought together to
create a detailed but understandable picture of
the physical world and our place in it. These
disciplines include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Surveying
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing
Geodesy
Cartography
geographic information systems (GIS)
global positioning system (GPS)
12
1.4 Application areas in
Geomatics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the environment
land management and reform
development planning
infrastructure management
natural resource monitoring
sustainable development
coastal zone management and mapping
13
1.5 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN
GEOMATICS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Land Surveyors
Mine Surveyors
Engineering Surveyors
Geodesists
Photogrammetrists
GIS specialists
Remote Sensing specialists
Cartographers
Planners
Environmentalist
Software Engineers
14
GEOMATICS PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTES
INTERNATIONAL
• FIG: International Federation of Surveyors
• ISPRS: International Association of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing
• GSDI: Global Spatial Data Infrastructure
• PLATO (SA)
• GISSA (SA)
• RICS (UK)
• ICA: International Cartographers Association
NATIONAL
•
•
•
•
SIZ: Survey Institute of Zimbabwe
CLSZ: Council of Land Surveyors Zimbabwe
ZIE: Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers
REIZ: Real Estate Institute of Zimbabwe
15
Assignment 1
Describe in detail how Geomatics can be applied
in the following areas giving examples:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Medicine
Agriculture
Archeology
Accommodation
Land Reform
Mining
Olympics Games
Music Industry
Natural Resource Management
Wild Life Management
16
CHAPTER 2
SPATIAL DATA CAPTURE
17
GEOMATICS OVERVIEW
DATA
DATA SOURCES
DATA DELIVERY
DATA CAPTURE
DATA STORAGE
DATA STRUCTURING
AND QUALITY
CONTOL
DATA OUTPUT
(CARTOGRAPHY)
ANALOGUE
MAPS
18
2.1 DATA SOURCES
There are basically 3 sources of data:
I. Primary
–
Data from scratch
–
DIY
II. Secondary
–
Existing data
–
Readily available
–
Buy from other organizations
–
From within the organization
III. Administration records
–
Subset of secondary
–
Bi-product data from within or other organizations
19
Factors to consider
• As you go down from I to II time and cost
of doing a survey increase
• As you move from III going up applicability
and suitability decrease
• Field work is very slow and expensive but
accuracy is very high
20
2.2 DATA FORMAT
• Digital form
– Most valuable form since this can be used in
many forms
• Hard copy
– Maps
– Documents
Before going out to collect data, always look in-house
for data collected by organization or by-product for
normal operations for other project to minister cost
and time
2.3 MAJOR DATA SOURCES
• Maps
• Drawings usually engineering drawings
• Aerial Photographs
• Satellite Imagery
• Paper records and documents
• DATABASES
• Government Department
• Commercial sector
• Field work
Can be found in digital or hard copy format
22
2.4 Administrative Data Sources
Roads – Department of Roads
Place names – DA, Public services
Vegetation – Forest Commission, DNR
Dams/Rivers – ZINWA
Historical Places – Museums and Monuments
Land Class/Bore holes – AREX
Railway lines – NRZ
Aerodromes – Department of aviation
Hospitals – MHCW
Utilities – PTC, ZESA
National Parks – Department of National Parks
Schools – Ministry of Education
Restricted areas – Ministry of Defence
Mines – Ministry of Mines
Demographic data – CSO
Filling stations – Private sector
23
2.5 DATA CAPTURE TECHNIQUES
24
2.5.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA CAPTURE
RECLASSIFICATION
DIGITAL DATA
VERIFIED DATA
MANUSCRIPTS
AND MAPS
DIGITISING
PROCESS
DATA STORAGE
EDIT
LISTS
(you might not be allowed to publish
something on your map so you edit)
25
2.5.2 DIGITIZING AND SCANNING
• This is the process of converting analogue data
usually hardcopy maps into their digital format
• Data capturing in any project cost about 80% of
the total cost of the project.
• In Zimbabwe (third world), we are in the
processing of converting data into digital form
• Hardcopy – maps, films, manuscripts,
orthophotomaps
• You can digitize using a table digitizer
26
TABLE DIGITIZER
VECTORISE
SCAN
RASTER
CLEAN
RASTER
HARD
COPY
TABLE
DIGITIZER
LISTS
VECTOR
STORAGE
VECTOR
PUNCHING
27
SCANNING
VECTORISE
SCAN
RASTER
CLEAN
RASTER
HARD
COPY
TABLE
DIGITIZER
VECTOR
STORAGE
VECTOR
PUNCHING
28
VECTOR VS RASTER
• The scanner captures everything on the
map
• Need to clean the raster map
• Under vectorizing we have
– Automatic
– Semi automatic
– manual
29
2.5.3 FIELD WORK
• This involves making direct measurements
from scratch in the field and there are so
many techniques which can be employed:
– Astronomy
– Geodesy
– Plane surveying
– GPS
– Photogrammetry
– Remote Sensing
30
Cont’d
Astronomy
Basically is the use of stars to determine your position on
the earth. It’s a very old system but where surveying
originated.
Geodesy
This is a specialized discipline which is devoted to the size
and shape of the earth
GPS
Global Positioning System – this uses satellites to
determine your position on the earth
31
Cont’d
Photogrammetry
Basically it is the use of aerial photographs to
measure features on the earth’s surface
Plane Surveys
CAD drawings
Tacheometry
Engineering surveys
Control – Resection, Levelling, Traversing etc
You can use hard copy maps in your field check
You can use any technique or a combination
32
Field work
PLOT
HARDCOPY
HARDCOPY
DATA
PROCESSING
FIELD WORK
EDITED
MEASUREMENT
OR PROCESSED
DATA
STORAGE
33
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF A TECHNIQUE
Equipment availability – Buy, Hire, use that which
Cost – what is the cost of using the equipment or even
what we have, the cost of buying or hiring, some are
very expensive e.g. Remote Sensing and GPS, the
most
Human Resources – (skills base), are you going to
have someone to do the job, internal, external
(consultants),
Purpose – requirements (format), final product (what
will it be be)
Accuracy – on a map, resolution
34
Cont’d
Speed – plane surveys are the most
accurate but its very slow
- GPS is very fast, maybe one of the
fastest but its accuracy is low
Weather condition – to a smaller extend
e.g Photogrammetry
Accessibility – in other areas you cannot
reach
Curvature – Plane < 250 km2
- Geodetic > 250km2
35
CHAPTER 3
DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING
36
Characteristics of Spatial Data
• Basically geographic features are recognized by
two types of data:
– Spatial data
– Attribute data
• Spatial data
Considered as geographic data and it describes or
specifies location and answers the question
[where] and the map is perhaps the most
familiar form in which spatial data is represented
37
Cont’d
• A map consists of a group of points, lines, and
polygons/areas that are positioned with reference to a
common reference coordinate system
• This is represented in two dimensional so that it is easily
portrayed on a flat sheet of paper
• The map states the data and present the data to the user
• Each feature has a location that must be in a unique
way
• Locations are recorded in form of a coordinate system
like latitude and longitude, xyz or any state plane
coordinate system
38
Cont’d
• In some cases the coordinate of one system can
be transformed mathematically into the
coordinate of another system
• Attribute data
This is called the descriptive data and it spacifies
characteristics at the location and answers the
question [what? Or how much?]
Attribute data is normally stored in tables.
39
DIGITAL TOPO CADASTRAL DATABASE
Aerial
Photographs
Satellite
Images
Digital Cad.
Maps
GPS/Field
Geodetic Data
Paper
Maps
Other Digital
Data
Digital Topo Cadastral Database
GIS Data (DTDB, DCDB)
Mosaic Images/Orthophotos/Image Maps
DTM/DEM, Digital Cartographic Database
Geodetic Database, Hardcopy Maps
Gvt. Departments
Private Sectort, NGOs
Large Scale Maps
Medium Scale Maps
Small Scale Maps
Tourist Maps
40
Data Storage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Types of data stored
Formats
Spatial Integration
Retrieval and Storage
Data storage devices
Data storage modes
Security
Back up
Access Levels
Create new information
41
Data Bases
•
•
•
•
•
Centralized DB
Distributed DB
Partitioned DB
Replicated DB
Duplicated DB
42
CHAPTER 4
DATA STRUCTURING AND
QUALITY CONTROL
43
DATA STRUCTURING
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Data cleaning
Building topology
Superimpose layers
Add attributes
Format conversion
Media conversion
Georeferencing
Registration
Rectification
Conflation
44
Quality Control
•
•
•
•
Systems for QC
Reducing/Minimising errors
Reduction of costs
Ensuring conformality to:
– Requirements
– Standards
• Gross errors
45
Data Structuring and Quality Control
Data
Cleaning
Data
Storage
Cleaned
Layers
Overlayed
Layers
Quality
Control
Topographical
Layers
Maps
Manuscripts
Adding
Attributes
46
DATA STRUCTURING
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cleaning
Edge matching
Data reduction
Sampling
Conflation
Reclassify
47
CHAPTER 5
DATA OUTPUT
CARTOGRAPHY
48
DATA OUTPUT: CARTOGRAPHY
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cartographic compilation
Graphic design
Film plotting
Rasterizing map products
Plate making
Printing
49
CARTOGRAPHY
MANUSCRIPTS
Carto. Comp.
Graphic Design
Map Data
Film Making
Data Storage
Rasterizing
Raster Products
Films
Plate Making
Plates
Printing
Printed
Maps
50
CHAPTER 6
DATA DELIVERY
51
DATA DELIVERY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Data extraction
Processing
Quality control
Copy to required format
Layer selection
Selection on attributes
Clipping
Transformation
Format conversion
52
Data Delivery System
Client
Orders
Extracted
Data
Processed
Data
Corrected
Data
Copying to
Media
Stored
Data
Office Data
Delivery
Product
Information
Online
Data
53
Data Delivery Issues
• System keeps an audit of:
– How much data copied
– By whom
– To whom
• Users have different access privileges
54
CHAPTER 7
FUTURE OF GEOMATICS
55
Future of Geomatics
• Clients needs
– Clients are more affluent
– Demanding more complicated products
– Require effective and efficient delivery
• Technical development
– Hardware
– Software
– Off-the-shelf products
– New ways/methods
• Skills development
– New skills
– Skills base expanding
56
Cont’d
• New Disciplines
– Education
– Training
– CPD
• Multi-discipline
– Different professional coming together to
solve common problems
– Teams/working groups
– Synergies
57